Intermedialising Modernities
The Polyphonism of Modernist Ut pictura poesis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25159/1753-5387/16262Keywords:
intermediality, collaborative modernism, ut pictura poesis, polyphonism, dialogic poeticsAbstract
The early twentieth century ushered in an unprecedented era of intermedial convergence, where different art forms such as poesis and pictura began to confabulate with each other rather than competing in historically paragonal debates. A hallmark of modernist aesthetics is the shift towards the non-verbal mediums, with poets breaking away from outdated subjects and linguistic structures, and instead experimenting with the visual, material, and spatial incorporation from non-literary domains. Hence, this article proposes an alternative framework for understanding and reconceptualising modernism through intermediality. It develops the polyphonically dialogic poetics—based on four types of dialogues: referential, associative, programmatic, and self-reflexive—emphasising the interaction and re-unification between textuality and visuality. Concluding with this typology of modernist collaborations, the study illuminates the mutual agency of creators of the time and the sociocultural implications of their artefacts. By adopting a revisionary focus on intermediality as an act of dialogising, it critically reinterprets the mediation within modernist ut pictura poesis as fluid, multifarious, and synergetic.
References
Beckett, Samuel. 1984. “Homage to Jack B. Yeats.” In Disjecta: Miscellaneous Writings and a Dramatic Fragment, edited by Ruby Cohn, 149. New York: Grove Press.
Berger, John. 2016. Confabulations. London: Penguin.
Blair, John G. 1965. The Poetic Art of W. H. Auden. Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400878475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400878475
Bruhn, Jørgen, and Beate Schirrmacher. 2022. “Intermedial Studies.” In Intermedial Studies: An Introduction to Meaning across Media, edited by Jørgen Bruhn and Beate Schirrmacher, 3–27. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003174288-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003174288-1
Calvino, Italo. 1988. Six Memos for the Next Millennium. Translated by Patrick Creagh. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Caws, Mary Ann. 2019. Creative Gatherings: Meeting Places of Modernism. London: Reaktion Books.
Crary, Jonathan. 1992. Techniques of the Observer: On Vision and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Dasenbrock, Reed Way. 1985. The Literary Vorticism of Ezra Pound and Wyndham Lewis: Towards the Condition of Painting. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari. 2005. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Translated by Brian Massumi. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Deleuze, Gilles, and Claire Parnet. 2007. Dialogues II. Translated by Hugh Tomlinson and Barbara Habberjam. New York: Columbia University Press.
Descartes, René. 2001. Discourse on Method, Optics, Geometry, and Meteorology. Translated by Paul J. Olscamp. Indianapolis: Hackett.
Dijkstra, Bram. 1969. The Hieroglyphics of a New Speech: Cubism, Stieglitz and the Early Poetry of William Carlos Williams. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Elleström, Lars. 2014. Media Transformation: The Transfer of Media Characteristic among Media. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137474254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137474254
Elleström, Lars. 2020. “Transmediation: Some Theoretical Considerations.” In Transmediations: Communication across Media Borders, edited by Niklas Salmose and Lars Elleström, 1–14. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429282775-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429282775-1
Elleström, Lars. 2019. Transmedial Narration: Narratives and Stories in Different Media. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01294-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01294-6
Frank, Joseph. 1991. “Spatial Form in Modern Literature.” In The Idea of Spatial Form, 31–66. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Gaither, Mary. 1961. “Literature and the Arts.” In Comparative Literature: Method and Perspective, edited by Newton P. Stallknecht and Horst Frenz, 153–170. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
Ginsberg, Allen. 2018. The Best Mind of My Generation: A Literary History of the Beats. Edited by Bill Morgan. New York: Penguin.
Greenblatt, Stephen. 1997. “The Interart Movement.” In Interart Poetics: Essays on Interrelations of the Arts and Media, edited by Ulla-Britta Lagerroth, Hans Lund and Erik Hedling, 13–15. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Gruber, Klemens. 2020. Die Polyfrontale Avantgarde: Medien and Künste 1912–1936. Wien: Sonderzahl.
Guilbaut, Serge. 1983. How New York Stole the Idea of Modern Art: Abstract Expressionism, Freedom, and the Cold War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Heidegger, Martin. 1977. The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays. Translated by William Lovitt. New York: Harper and Row.
Heidegger, Martin. 2001. Being and Time. Translated by John Macquarrie and Edward Robinson. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Inge, M. Thomas. 2001. “Collaboration and Concepts of Authorship.” PMLA 116 (3): 623–630. https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2001.116.3.623. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2001.116.3.623
Jay, Martin. 1993. Downcast Eyes: The Denigration of Vision in Twentieth-Century French Thought. Berkeley: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520915381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520915381
Lehan, Richard. 2012. Literary Modernism and Beyond: The Extended Vision and the Realms of the Text. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
Levenson, Michael. 2009. Modernism and the Fate of Individuality: Character and Novelistic Form from Conrad to Woolf. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Levenson, Michael. 2011. Modernism. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Lewis, Cara L. 2020. Dynamic Form: How Intermediality Made Modernism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501749179.001.0001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501749179.001.0001
Loizeaux, Elizabeth Bergmann. 2008. Twentieth Century Poetry and the Visual Arts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Louvel, Liliane. 2018. The Pictorial Third: An Essay into Intermedial Criticism. Translated and edited by Angeliki Tseti. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429485992. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429485992
Lund, Hans. 1992. “The Picture in the Poem—a Theoretical Discussion.” In Text as Picture: Studies in the Literary Transformation of Pictures, translated by Kacke Götrick, 5–62. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press.
MacGowan, Christopher. 2004. Twentieth-Century American Poetry. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470690055. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470690055
MacLeod, Glen. 1993. Wallace Stevens and Modern Art: From the Armory Show to Abstract Expressionism. New Haven: Yale University Press.
MacLeod, Glen. 2011. “Modernism and the Visual Arts.” In The Cambridge Companion to Modernism, edited by Michael Levenson, 245–267. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL9781107010635.012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL9781107010635.012
Matz, Jesse. 2003. Literary Impressionism and Modernist Aesthetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Miller, Karl. 1985. Doubles: Studies in Literary History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Miller, Tyrus. 1999. Late Modernism: Politics, Fiction, and the Arts between the World Wars. Berkeley: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520921993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520921993
Miller, Tyrus. 2009. Singular Examples: Artistic Politics and the Neo-Avant-Garde. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
Mitchell, W. J. T. 1995. Picture Theory: Essays on Verbal and Visual Representation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mitchell, W. J. T. 1980. “Spatial Form in Literature: Toward a General Theory.” Critical Inquiry 6 (3): 539–567. https://doi.org/10.1086/448064. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/448064
Mitchell, W. J. T. 2018. Image Science: Iconology, Visual Culture, and Media Aesthetics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mitchell, W. J. T. 2023. Metapictures: Images and the Discourse of Theory. Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. 2005. Human, All Too Human. Translated by R. J. Hollingdale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. 2019. The Will to Power. Translated by Anthony M. Ludovici. Mineola: Dover.
O’Sullivan, James. 2017. “Modernist Intermediality: The False Dichotomy between High Modernism and Mass Culture.” English Studies 98 (3): 283–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/0013838X.2016.1246136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0013838X.2016.1246136
Panofsky, Erwin. 1995. “Iconography and Iconology: An Introduction to the Study of Renaissance Art.” In Meaning in the Visual Arts: Papers in and on Art History, 26–54. New York: Anchor Books.
Perloff, Marjorie. 1991. Preface to Radical Artifice: Writing Poetry in the Age of the Media, xi–xiv. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Perloff, Marjorie. 2010. Unoriginal Genius: Poetry by Other Means in the New Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Plato. 1999. Theaetetus. Translated by John McDowell. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ramazani, Jahan. 2014. Poetry and Its Others: News, Prayer, Song, and the Dialogue of Genres. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226083421.001.0001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226083421.001.0001
Roston, Murray. 2000. Modernist Patterns in Literature and the Visual Arts. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Press. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230389403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230389403
Runchman, Alex, and Tom Walker. 2019. “Introduction: Modernism’s Collaborative Poetics.” Modernist Cultures 14 (1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3366/mod.2019.0237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3366/mod.2019.0237
Sanchez, Rebecca. 2015. Deafening Modernism: Embodied Language and Visual Poetics in American Literature. New York: New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479847501.001.0001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479847501.001.0001
Sontag, Susan. 2003. Regarding the Pain of Others. New York: Penguin. https://doi.org/10.3917/dio.201.0127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/dio.201.0127
Steiner, Wendy. 1978. Exact Resemblance to Exact Resemblance: The Literary Portraiture of Gertrude Stein. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Stevens, Wallace. 1981. “The Relations between Poetry and Painting.” In The Necessary Angel: Essays on Reality and the Imagination, 157–176. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Stillinger, Jack. 1991. Multiple Authorship and the Myth of the Solitary Genius. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195068610.001.0001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195068610.001.0001
Trotter, David. 2013. Literature in the First Media Age: Britain between the Wars. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Waddell, Nathan. 2010. “Modernist Coteries and Communities.” In The Oxford Handbook of Modernism, edited by Peter Brooker, Andrzej Gąsiorek, Deborah Longworth and Andrew Thacker, 740–761. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199545445.013.0042. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199545445.013.0042
Wang, Bowen. 2024. “Reformulating the Theory of Literary Intermediality: A Genealogy from Ut Pictura Poesis to Poststructuralist In-Betweenness.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Intermediality, edited by Jørgen Bruhn, Asun López-Varela Azcárate and Miriam de Paiva Vieira, 339–364. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28322-2_5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28322-2_5
Wang, Bowen, and Amelia McConville. 2024. “Introduction: Towards an Alternative Poetics of Intermediality.” In “Intermedial Poetries: Alternative Methods and Practices,” edited by Bowen Wang and Amelia McConville, special issue, Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics 47 (2): 1–7. https://jcla.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/JCLA-47.2_Summer-2024_Bowen-Wang-Amelia-McConville.pdf/
Walter, Christina. 2014. Optical Impersonality: Science, Images, and Literary Modernism. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Wees, William C. 1972. Vorticism and the English Avant-Garde. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Wellek, René, and Austin Warren. 1956. “Literature and the Other Arts.” In Theory of Literature, 125–135. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.
Weisstein, Ulrich. 1982. “Literature and the Visual Arts.” In Interrelations of Literature, edited by Jean-Pierre Barricelli and Joseph Gibaldi, 251–277. New York: Modern Language Association of America.
Wilde, Oscar. 2019. The Critic as Artist. New York: David Zwirner Books.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 2001. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Translated by David F. Pears and Brian F. McGuinness. New York: Routledge.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 2009. Philosophical Investigations. Translated by G. E. M. Anscombe. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Wolf, Werner. 2005. “Intermediality.” In Routledge Encyclopedia of Narrative Theory, edited by David Herman, Manfred Jahn and Marie-Laure Ryan, 252–256. New York: Routledge.
Woolf, Virginia. 1924. Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown. London: Hogarth Press.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Bowen Wang

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.