Historical Development of Social Work and Social Welfare Services in Ethiopia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25159/2708-9355/14745Keywords:
social work, social welfare services, Ethiopia, indigenisation, localisation, professionalisationAbstract
Social work in Ethiopia has been influenced by the ideology and political economy of governments in power. To explore the core problems social work and social welfare services have experienced, this research employed a systematic review of literature. Organised social welfare services in Ethiopia is a fairly recent phenomenon beginning with the establishment of the first school of social work in 1959. This school was closed in 1974 and then reopened in 2004. The field experienced other challenges too, including its informal merger with the Department of Sociology during the socialist regime. Since social work in Ethiopia is heavily influenced by the Western curriculum and its professional associations have little ability to professionalise the field, its contribution to improving social welfare services is unsatisfactory. Further, because there is no regulatory body, the associations pursue their commitments only sporadically. This has a negative effect on providing quality social welfare services. The future will be determined by the degree to which social work is professionalised.
References
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Bazezew, A., and Wubliker Chanie. 2015. “Iddirs as Community-Based Social Capital in the Amhara Region: Case Study Gende Woin Town of East Gojjam.” The Ethiopian Journal of Social Sciences 1 (1): 3–13.
Bradshaw, Cathryn, and R. John Graham. 2007. “Localization of Social Work Practice, Education and Research: A Content Analysis.” Social Development Issues 29 (2): 92–111.
Butterfield, Alice, and Abye Tasse, eds. 2013. Social Development and Social Work: Learning from Africa. Abingdon: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315868486
Chocrane, Logan, and Dejen Lemma. 2020. “The Expansion of Social Protection Systems in Ethiopia: Continuity or Rupture of Citizen-State Relations?” Afriche Orienti 22 (2): 49–68. https://doi.org/10.23810/1345.COCHRANEMELISEWLEMMA
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Czarnecki, Pawel. 2014. “The History of Social Work.” Prosopon 8 (2): 169–183.
Dennis, O. Veta, and Hugh McLaughlin. 2022. “Social Work Education and Practice in Africa: The Problems and Prospects.” Social Work Education: The International Journal 42 (8): 1375–1386. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2022.2029393
Ekpe, A. 1983. “Social Welfare and Family Support: The Nigerian Experience.” The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare 10 (3): 484–496. https://doi.org/10.15453/0191-5096.1619
Family Health International. 2010. “2010 Annual Report.” Accessed July 10, 2023. https://www.fhi360.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/FHIAnnualReport2010.pdf
Flemmen, Britt Anne, and Mulumebet Zenebe. 2016. “Religious Mahbar in Ethiopia: Ritual Elements, Dynamics and Challenges.” Journal of Religion in Africa 46: 3–31. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12340062
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Hailu, Daniel. 2014. “The Development and Management of Social Workers in Ethiopia: A Situational Analysis.” International Journal of Social Welfare 23 (4): 392–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12072
Haworth, Simon, Robin Millor, and Jason Schaub. 2018. Leadership in Social Work: And Can It Learn from Clinical Health Care? University of Birmingham. Accessed June 21, 2023. https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college-social-sciences/social-policy/Misc/leadership-in-social-work.pdf
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International Association of Schools of Social Work and International Federation of Social Workers. 2020. Global Standards for Social Work Education and Training. Accessed March 19, 2024. https://www.iassw-aiets.org//wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IASSW-Global_Standards_Final.pdf
Ibrahima, B. Aissetu, and A. Mark Mattaini. 2018. “Social Work in Africa: Decolonising Methodologies and Approaches.” International Social Work 62 (2). https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872817742702
IntraHealth. 2013. An Assessment of the Public Sector Social Service Workforce in Ethiopia. Accessed February 23, 2024. https://www.socialserviceworkforce.org/system/files/resource/files/An%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Public%20Sector%20Social%20Service%20Workforce%20in%20Ethiopia.pdf
Kajiita, Robert, and M. Simon Kang’ethe. 2022. “Indigenous Social Work Education and Intervention: A Viable Path to Culturally Friendly Social Work Service Delivery in South Africa.” In Critical Social Work Studies in Africa: Prospects and Challenges, edited by Annaline Keet, Nevashnee Perumal, and Veonna Goliath. Stellenbosch: Mandela University Press.
Kebede, Messay. 2006. “The Roots and Fallouts of Haile Selassie’s Educational Policy.” Philosophy Faculty Publications, Paper 113. Accessed March 20, 2024. http://ecommons.udayton.edu/phl_fac_pub/113
Kebede, Wassie. 2014. “Social Work Education in Ethiopia: Celebrating the Rebirth of the Profession.” In Professional Social Work in East Africa: Towards Social Development, Poverty Reduction and Gender Equality, edited by Helmut Spitzer, Janestic M. Twikirize, Gidraph G. Wairire, 161–172. Fountain Publishers.
Kebede, Wassie. 2019. “Social Work Education in Ethiopia: Past, Present and Future.” International Journal of Social Work 6 (1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijsw.v6i1.14175
Kebede, Wassie. 2020. “Social Change in Ethiopia and Social Work Responses.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Global Social Work Education, edited by S. M. S. Baikady, R. Sheng-Li, and H. Sakaguchi. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39966-5_56
Kebede, Wassie, and Alice Butterfield. 2009. “Social Networks among Poor Women in Ethiopia.” International Social Work 52 (3): 357–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872808102069
Kebede, Wassie, Getu Melese, and Desalegn Negeri. 2011. Insights from Participatory Development Approaches in Ethiopia: Analysis of Testimonies and Field Practices. Addis Ababa: Eclipse Printing Press.
Kendall, A. Katherine. 1986. “Social Work Education in the 1980s: Accent on Change.” International Social Work 29: 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/002087288602900104
Kreitzer, Linda. 2004. Indigenisation of Social Work Education and Practice: A Participatory Action Research Project in Ghana. Unpublished thesis: University of Calgary.
Leonard, Thomas. 2013. Ethiopian Iddirs, Mechanisms: Case Study in Pastoral Communities in Kembata and Wolaita. Addis Ababa: Interaid Agricultural Projects of Support to Familial Farming. Accessed June 13, 2023. http://www.interaide.org/pratiques/sites/default/files/iddirs_wolayita-kt.pdf
Leung, Tong-Lit, Jianchao Huang, and Yu Xiang. 2023. “The Utilisation of Ubuntu Outside of Africa: Voices from Frontline Social Workers in China.” In The Ubuntu Practitioner: Social Work Perspectives, edited by Bernhard Mayaka, Consolée Uwihangana, and Adrian D. van Breda. Rheinfelden, Switzerland: IFSW.
Mazibuko, Fikile, and Mel Gray. 2004. “Social Work Professional Associations in South Africa.” International Social Work 47 (1): 129–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872804039391
Mequanent, Getachew. 1998. “Community Development and the Role of Community Organizations: A Study in Northern Ethiopia.” Journal of African Studies 32 (3): 494–520. https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.1998.10751148
Ministry of Education. 2023. “ተቀራራቢ ይዘትና ስያሜ ያላቸው የቅድመ ምረቃ መርሀ ግብሮችን ይመለከታል” Translated as “Concerning Those Undergraduate Programs with Related Content and Names.” Unpublished. March 17, 2023. Ref. No. 9/207/906/15.
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NASW. 2017. “Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers.” Accessed August 14, 2023. https://socialwork.uw.edu/sites/default/files/sswfiles/programs/field-ed/NASW%20Code%20of%20Ethics.pdf
NASW. n.d. “Professional Organizations.” Accessed July 28, 2024. https://ssw.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/509/2020/09/professional-social-work-organizations.pdf
Northcut, B. Terry, Adugna Getachew, Ermias Kebede, Kelemua Zenebe, and Aleminew Abebe. 2020. “Clinical Social Work in Ethiopia: A Field Study in Gondar.” Clinical Social Work Journal, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-020-00757-w
Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative. 2022. “Global Multidimensional Poverty Index [MPI] Country Briefing 2022: Ethiopia [Sub-Saharan Africa].” Accessed June 24, 2023. https://ophi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/CB_ETH_2022.pdf
Planning and Development Commission. 2018. Poverty and Economic Growth in Ethiopia (1995/96–2015/16). Accessed June 18, 2023. https://www.dagethiopia.org/sites/g/files/zskgke376/files/2022-03/poverty_economic_growth_in_ethiopia-mon_feb_11_2019.pdf
Sedler, Rosanne F. 1968. “Social Welfare in a Developing Country: The Ethiopian Experience: Part III—The Role of Social Work Education.” International Social Work 11 (2): 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/002087286801100206
Slozaska, Hanna. 2010. “Role of Australian Association of Social Workers in Higher Social Work Education Forming.” Economics & Sociology 3 (1): 115–121. Accessed August 26, 2023. https://www.economics-sociology.eu/files/11%5B5%5D.pdf https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2010/3-1/11
Spitzer, Helmut. 2014. “Social Work in African Context: A Cross-Cultural Reflection on Theory and Practice.” In Professional Social Work in East Africa: Towards Social Development, Poverty Reduction and Gender Equality, edited by Helmut Spitzer, Janestic M. Twikirize, and Gidraph G. Wairire, 161–172. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
Spitzer, Helmut. 2017. “Social Work in East Africa: A Mzungu Perspective.” International Social Work 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872817742696
Spitzer, Helmut. 2019. “Social Work in African Contexts: A Cross-Cultural Reflection on Theory and Practice.” In Professional Social Work in East Africa: Towards Social Development, Poverty Reduction and Gender Equality, edited by Helmut Spitzer, Janestic M. Twikirize, and Gidraph G. Wairire, 161–172. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
Spitzer, Helmut, and M. Janestic Twikirize. 2014. “PROSOWO: A Project to Professionalize Social Work in East Africa.” In Professional Social Work in East Africa: Towards Social Development, Poverty Reduction and Gender Equality, edited by Helmut Spitzer, Janestic M. Twikirize, and Gidraph G. Wairire, 161–172. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
Tesfaye, Andargatchew. 1984. “Social Welfare Programmes and Social Work Education in Ethiopia.” Indian Journal of Social Work 47 (4): 365–376. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615478411220161
Tibebu, Teshale. 1995. The Making of Modern Ethiopia 1896–1974. Lawrenceville: The Red Sea Press.
Twikirize, M. Janestic, and Helmut Spitzer, eds. 2019. Social Work Practice in Africa: Indigenous and Innovative Approaches. Kampala: Fountain Publishers. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2tp73vt.6
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2022. World Population Prospects. Accessed June 9, 2024. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/wpp2022_summary_of_results.pdf
Yunong, Huang, and Xiong Zhang. 2008. “A Reflection on Indigenisation Discourse in Social Work.” International Social Work 51 (5): 611–622. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872808093340
African Development Bank Group. 2015. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2016–2020. EARC Department. Accessed May 20, 2023. https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/ETHIOPIA_CSP_BPPS_EN.pdf
African Social Work and Development Network. 2024. Kenya: Country Information on Social Work and Social Development. Accessed June 9, 2024. https://africasocialwork.net/kenya-2/#aioseo-kenya-national-association-of-social-workers-knasw
Anteneh, Zelalem. 2017. “Ethiopian Society of Sociologists, Social Workers and Anthropologists”, Annual Report. Accessed August 4, 2023. https://docplayer.net/224225193-Ethiopian-society-of-sociologists-social-workers-and-anthropologists-essswa-annual-report.html
Baynesagn, Ashenafi, Abye Tasse, Mulugeta Emebet, and Berhanu Zena. 2021. “Strengthened by Challenges: The Path of the Social Work Education in Ethiopia.” Social Work Education 40 (1): 95–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2020.1858044
Bazezew, A., and Wubliker Chanie. 2015. “Iddirs as Community-Based Social Capital in the Amhara Region: Case Study Gende Woin Town of East Gojjam.” The Ethiopian Journal of Social Sciences 1 (1): 3–13.
Bradshaw, Cathryn, and R. John Graham. 2007. “Localization of Social Work Practice, Education and Research: A Content Analysis.” Social Development Issues 29 (2): 92–111.
Butterfield, Alice, and Abye Tasse, eds. 2013. Social Development and Social Work: Learning from Africa. Abingdon: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315868486
Chocrane, Logan, and Dejen Lemma. 2020. “The Expansion of Social Protection Systems in Ethiopia: Continuity or Rupture of Citizen-State Relations?” Afriche Orienti 22 (2): 49–68. https://doi.org/10.23810/1345.COCHRANEMELISEWLEMMA
Council on Higher Education. 2015. Qualification Standards for Bachelor of Social Work. Accessed June 9, 2024. https://www.che.ac.za/sites/default/files/Draft%20Standards%20for%20BSW%20v6%20final_Ready%20for%20Public%20Comment_20150807.pdf
Council on Social Work Education. 2022. Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards for Baccalaureate and Master’s Social Work Programs. Accessed June 9, 2024. https://www.cswe.org/getmedia/bb5d8afe-7680-42dc-a332-a6e6103f4998/2022-EPAS.pdf
Czarnecki, Pawel. 2014. “The History of Social Work.” Prosopon 8 (2): 169–183.
Dennis, O. Veta, and Hugh McLaughlin. 2022. “Social Work Education and Practice in Africa: The Problems and Prospects.” Social Work Education: The International Journal 42 (8): 1375–1386. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2022.2029393
Ekpe, A. 1983. “Social Welfare and Family Support: The Nigerian Experience.” The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare 10 (3): 484–496. https://doi.org/10.15453/0191-5096.1619
Family Health International. 2010. “2010 Annual Report.” Accessed July 10, 2023. https://www.fhi360.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/FHIAnnualReport2010.pdf
Flemmen, Britt Anne, and Mulumebet Zenebe. 2016. “Religious Mahbar in Ethiopia: Ritual Elements, Dynamics and Challenges.” Journal of Religion in Africa 46: 3–31. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12340062
Gebremariam, Alemayehu. 2021. History of Social Services and Social Work in Ethiopia. Harare: African Social Work Network. Accessed March 11, 2024. https://africasocialwork.net/ethiopia/
Hailu, Daniel. 2014. “The Development and Management of Social Workers in Ethiopia: A Situational Analysis.” International Journal of Social Welfare 23 (4): 392–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12072
Haworth, Simon, Robin Millor, and Jason Schaub. 2018. Leadership in Social Work: And Can It Learn from Clinical Health Care? University of Birmingham. Accessed June 21, 2023. https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college-social-sciences/social-policy/Misc/leadership-in-social-work.pdf
Healy, Karen. 2016. “Social Work Education and Regulation in Australia.” In Encylopedia of Social Work. Accessed June 9, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.1169
International Association of Schools of Social Work and International Federation of Social Workers. 2020. Global Standards for Social Work Education and Training. Accessed March 19, 2024. https://www.iassw-aiets.org//wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IASSW-Global_Standards_Final.pdf
Ibrahima, B. Aissetu, and A. Mark Mattaini. 2018. “Social Work in Africa: Decolonising Methodologies and Approaches.” International Social Work 62 (2). https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872817742702
IntraHealth. 2013. An Assessment of the Public Sector Social Service Workforce in Ethiopia. Accessed February 23, 2024. https://www.socialserviceworkforce.org/system/files/resource/files/An%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Public%20Sector%20Social%20Service%20Workforce%20in%20Ethiopia.pdf
Kajiita, Robert, and M. Simon Kang’ethe. 2022. “Indigenous Social Work Education and Intervention: A Viable Path to Culturally Friendly Social Work Service Delivery in South Africa.” In Critical Social Work Studies in Africa: Prospects and Challenges, edited by Annaline Keet, Nevashnee Perumal, and Veonna Goliath. Stellenbosch: Mandela University Press.
Kebede, Messay. 2006. “The Roots and Fallouts of Haile Selassie’s Educational Policy.” Philosophy Faculty Publications, Paper 113. Accessed March 20, 2024. http://ecommons.udayton.edu/phl_fac_pub/113
Kebede, Wassie. 2014. “Social Work Education in Ethiopia: Celebrating the Rebirth of the Profession.” In Professional Social Work in East Africa: Towards Social Development, Poverty Reduction and Gender Equality, edited by Helmut Spitzer, Janestic M. Twikirize, Gidraph G. Wairire, 161–172. Fountain Publishers.
Kebede, Wassie. 2019. “Social Work Education in Ethiopia: Past, Present and Future.” International Journal of Social Work 6 (1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijsw.v6i1.14175
Kebede, Wassie. 2020. “Social Change in Ethiopia and Social Work Responses.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Global Social Work Education, edited by S. M. S. Baikady, R. Sheng-Li, and H. Sakaguchi. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39966-5_56
Kebede, Wassie, and Alice Butterfield. 2009. “Social Networks among Poor Women in Ethiopia.” International Social Work 52 (3): 357–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872808102069
Kebede, Wassie, Getu Melese, and Desalegn Negeri. 2011. Insights from Participatory Development Approaches in Ethiopia: Analysis of Testimonies and Field Practices. Addis Ababa: Eclipse Printing Press.
Kendall, A. Katherine. 1986. “Social Work Education in the 1980s: Accent on Change.” International Social Work 29: 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/002087288602900104
Kreitzer, Linda. 2004. Indigenisation of Social Work Education and Practice: A Participatory Action Research Project in Ghana. Unpublished thesis: University of Calgary.
Leonard, Thomas. 2013. Ethiopian Iddirs, Mechanisms: Case Study in Pastoral Communities in Kembata and Wolaita. Addis Ababa: Interaid Agricultural Projects of Support to Familial Farming. Accessed June 13, 2023. http://www.interaide.org/pratiques/sites/default/files/iddirs_wolayita-kt.pdf
Leung, Tong-Lit, Jianchao Huang, and Yu Xiang. 2023. “The Utilisation of Ubuntu Outside of Africa: Voices from Frontline Social Workers in China.” In The Ubuntu Practitioner: Social Work Perspectives, edited by Bernhard Mayaka, Consolée Uwihangana, and Adrian D. van Breda. Rheinfelden, Switzerland: IFSW.
Mazibuko, Fikile, and Mel Gray. 2004. “Social Work Professional Associations in South Africa.” International Social Work 47 (1): 129–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872804039391
Mequanent, Getachew. 1998. “Community Development and the Role of Community Organizations: A Study in Northern Ethiopia.” Journal of African Studies 32 (3): 494–520. https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.1998.10751148
Ministry of Education. 2023. “ተቀራራቢ ይዘትና ስያሜ ያላቸው የቅድመ ምረቃ መርሀ ግብሮችን ይመለከታል” Translated as “Concerning Those Undergraduate Programs with Related Content and Names.” Unpublished. March 17, 2023. Ref. No. 9/207/906/15.
Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. 2016. National Social Protection Strategy of Ethiopia: Accelerating Social Transformation. Accessed March 21, 2024. https://www.social-protection.org/gimi/gess/Media.action;jsessionid=M9ZvYFWW__fapB47CXgQFBK5LlE43hHxACMDGSUw0niDsrh2srBI!-765179005?id=17017
Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. 2012. National Social Protection of Ethiopia. Accessed March 20, 2024. https://www.socialserviceworkforce.org/system/files/resource/files/Ethiopia_National_Social_Protection.pdf
NASW. 2017. “Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers.” Accessed August 14, 2023. https://socialwork.uw.edu/sites/default/files/sswfiles/programs/field-ed/NASW%20Code%20of%20Ethics.pdf
NASW. n.d. “Professional Organizations.” Accessed July 28, 2024. https://ssw.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/509/2020/09/professional-social-work-organizations.pdf
Northcut, B. Terry, Adugna Getachew, Ermias Kebede, Kelemua Zenebe, and Aleminew Abebe. 2020. “Clinical Social Work in Ethiopia: A Field Study in Gondar.” Clinical Social Work Journal, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-020-00757-w
Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative. 2022. “Global Multidimensional Poverty Index [MPI] Country Briefing 2022: Ethiopia [Sub-Saharan Africa].” Accessed June 24, 2023. https://ophi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/CB_ETH_2022.pdf
Planning and Development Commission. 2018. Poverty and Economic Growth in Ethiopia (1995/96–2015/16). Accessed June 18, 2023. https://www.dagethiopia.org/sites/g/files/zskgke376/files/2022-03/poverty_economic_growth_in_ethiopia-mon_feb_11_2019.pdf
Sedler, Rosanne F. 1968. “Social Welfare in a Developing Country: The Ethiopian Experience: Part III—The Role of Social Work Education.” International Social Work 11 (2): 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/002087286801100206
Slozaska, Hanna. 2010. “Role of Australian Association of Social Workers in Higher Social Work Education Forming.” Economics & Sociology 3 (1): 115–121. Accessed August 26, 2023. https://www.economics-sociology.eu/files/11%5B5%5D.pdf https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2010/3-1/11
Spitzer, Helmut. 2014. “Social Work in African Context: A Cross-Cultural Reflection on Theory and Practice.” In Professional Social Work in East Africa: Towards Social Development, Poverty Reduction and Gender Equality, edited by Helmut Spitzer, Janestic M. Twikirize, and Gidraph G. Wairire, 161–172. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
Spitzer, Helmut. 2017. “Social Work in East Africa: A Mzungu Perspective.” International Social Work 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872817742696
Spitzer, Helmut. 2019. “Social Work in African Contexts: A Cross-Cultural Reflection on Theory and Practice.” In Professional Social Work in East Africa: Towards Social Development, Poverty Reduction and Gender Equality, edited by Helmut Spitzer, Janestic M. Twikirize, and Gidraph G. Wairire, 161–172. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
Spitzer, Helmut, and M. Janestic Twikirize. 2014. “PROSOWO: A Project to Professionalize Social Work in East Africa.” In Professional Social Work in East Africa: Towards Social Development, Poverty Reduction and Gender Equality, edited by Helmut Spitzer, Janestic M. Twikirize, and Gidraph G. Wairire, 161–172. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
Tesfaye, Andargatchew. 1984. “Social Welfare Programmes and Social Work Education in Ethiopia.” Indian Journal of Social Work 47 (4): 365–376. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615478411220161
Tibebu, Teshale. 1995. The Making of Modern Ethiopia 1896–1974. Lawrenceville: The Red Sea Press.
Twikirize, M. Janestic, and Helmut Spitzer, eds. 2019. Social Work Practice in Africa: Indigenous and Innovative Approaches. Kampala: Fountain Publishers. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2tp73vt.6
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2022. World Population Prospects. Accessed June 9, 2024. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/wpp2022_summary_of_results.pdf
Yunong, Huang, and Xiong Zhang. 2008. “A Reflection on Indigenisation Discourse in Social Work.” International Social Work 51 (5): 611–622. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872808093340
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2024-10-15
How to Cite
Kebede, Wassie, and Ajanaw Alemie Desta. 2024. “Historical Development of Social Work and Social Welfare Services in Ethiopia”. Southern African Journal of Social Work and Social Development 36 (3):18 pages. https://doi.org/10.25159/2708-9355/14745.
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