Experiences and Impact of Domestic Violence on Children: A Qualitative Study in the City of Tshwane, South Africa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25159/2708-9355/14049Keywords:
domestic violence, children, perpetrators, victimsAbstract
South Africa has a high prevalence of domestic violence, and its impact is commonly limited to the partner, and not adequate attention is paid to its consequences on the children who experience such violence in their home. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the experiences of children who are raised in homes where there is domestic violence. The participants were 23 male and female children aged 12 to 16 years who were referred to one of the centres of Families South Africa (FAMSA) in the City of Tshwane because of domestic violence in their homes. A descriptive qualitative design, using in-depth interviews, was employed to collect data and NVivo version 12 was used to analyse the data. Three (3) major themes emerged from the data, these being the impact of domestic violence on children, the long-term social impacts of domestic violence, and coping strategies used by the participants to survive domestic violence. Additionally, seven (7) sub-themes emerged from the three major themes. The findings imply the need to acknowledge that children are direct victims of domestic violence that occurs between their parents. It is recommended that the school health programme in South Africa integrate screening for children who witness domestic violence.
References
Arai, Lisa, Ali Heawood, Gene Feder, Emma Howarth, Harriet MacMillan, Theresa H. M. Moore, Nicky Stanley, and Alison Gregory. 2019. “Hope, Agency, and the Lived Experience of Violence: A Qualitative Systematic Review of Children’s Perspectives on Domestic Violence and Abuse.” Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 22 (3): 427–438. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019849582
Avdibegovic, Esmina, Maja Brkic, and Osman Sinanovic. 2017. “Emotional Profile of Women Victims of Domestic Violence.” Materia Socio Medica 29 (2): 109. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2017.29.109–113
Bancroft, Lundy, Jay G. Silverman, and Daniel Ritchie. 2011. The batterer as parent: Addressing the impact of domestic violence on family dynamics. Sage Publications https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452240480
Campbell, Steve, Melanie Greenwood, Sarah Prior, Toniele Shearer, Kerrie Walkem, Sarah Young, Danielle Bywaters, and Kim Walker. 2020. “Purposive Sampling: Complex or Simple? Research Case Examples.” Journal of Research in Nursing 25 (8): 652–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987120927206
Chander, Pratibha, Jane Kvalsvig, Claude A. Mellins, Shuaib Kauchali, Stephen M. Arpadi, Myra Taylor, Justin R. Knox, and Leslie L. Davidson. 2017. “Intimate Partner Violence and Child Behavioral Problems in South Africa.” Pediatrics 139 (3): e20161059. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016–1059
Clements, Caroline M., Brittanie C. Moore, Allison Laajala-Lozano, and Karly Casanave. 2021. “Victim and Perpetrator Acknowledgement of Intimate Partner Violence and Victim Psychopathology.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 37 (19–20): NP17182-NP17204 https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211028289
Devaney, John. 2015. Review of Research Review: The Impact of Domestic Violence on Children. Irish Probation Journal 12: 79–94.
Downey, Cheyenne, and Aoife Crummy. 2021. “The Impact of Childhood Trauma on Children’s Wellbeing and Adult Behavior.” European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 6 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2021.100237
Elmquist, JoAnna, Ryan C. Shorey, Lindsay Labrecque, Andrew Ninnemann, Heather Zapor, Jeniimarie Febres, Caitlin Wolford-Clevenger, Maribel Plasencia, Jeff R. Temple, and Gregory L. Stuart. 2016. “The Relationship between Family-of-Origin Violence, Hostility, and Intimate Partner Violence in Men Arrested for Domestic Violence.” Violence against Women 22 (10): 1243–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801215621177
Evans, Sara Z., Leslie Gordon Simons, and Ronald L. Simons. 2012. “The Effect of Corporal Punishment and Verbal Abuse on Delinquency: Mediating Mechanisms.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 41 (8): 1095–1110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9755-x.
Fearon, James, and Anke Hoeffler. 2014. “Benefits and costs of the conflict and violence targets for the post-2015 development agenda.” Conflict and violence assessment paper, Copenhagen Consensus Center: 1–65.
Garcia-Moreno, Claudia, Henrica AFM Jansen, Mary Ellsberg, Lori Heise, and Charlotte H Watts. 2006. “Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence: Findings from the WHO Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence.” The Lancet 368 (9543): 1260–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69523-8
Georgsson, Anna, Kjerstin Almqvist, and Anders G. Broberg. 2011. “Naming the unmentionable: How children exposed to intimate partner violence articulate their experiences.” Journal of Family Violence 26: 117–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-010-9349-x
Holmes, Megan R. 2013. “Aggressive Behavior of Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence: An Examination of Maternal Mental Health, Maternal Warmth and Child Maltreatment.” Child Abuse & Neglect 37 (8): 520–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.12.006
Hooker, Leesa, Rae Kaspiew, and Angela Taft. 2016. Domestic and family violence and parenting: Mixed methods insights into impact and support needs. Australia’s National Research Organisation for Women’s Safety.
Humphreys, Lee, Neil A. Lewis Jr, Katherine Sender, and Andrea Stevenson Won. 2021. “Integrating qualitative methods and open science: Five principles for more trustworthy research.” Journal of Communication 71 (5): 855–874. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqab026
Izaguirre, Ainhoa, and Esther Calvete. 2017. “Exposure to family violence as a predictor of dating violence and child-to-parent aggression in Spanish adolescents.” Youth and Society 49 (3): 393–412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X16632138
Kabongo, Kasebwe T. 2021. “The fight against gender-based violence: A missional nurturing of people of peace.” Verbum et Ecclesia 42 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4102/ve.v42i1.2194
Kiesel, Lisa R., Kristine N. Piescher, and Jeffrey L. Edleson. 2018. “The relationship between child maltreatment, intimate partner violence exposure, and academic performance.” In Administrative Data and Child Welfare Research, pp. 105–128. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315100340-8
Kim, H., Sefcik, J. S., and Bradway, C. 2017. Characteristics of qualitative descriptive studies: A systematic review. Research in nursing and health, 40 (1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315100340-8
Kimball, Ericka. 2016. “Edleson revisited: Reviewing children’s witnessing of domestic violence 15 years later.” Journal of Family Violence 31: 625-637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-015-9786-7
Lalonde, Dianne, Linda Baker, Robert Nonomura, and Jassamine Tabibi. 2020. “Trauma-and violence-informed interview strategies in work with survivors of gender-based violence.” Learning Network Issue 32: 1–9.
Lambert, Vickie A., and Clinton E. Lambert. 2012. “Qualitative descriptive research: An acceptable design.” Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research 16 (4): 255–256.
Leite, Jéssica Totti, Maria Aparecida Beserra, Liliana Scatena, Lygia Maria Pereira da Silva, and Maria das Gracas Carvalho Ferriani. 2016. “Coping with domestic violence against children and adolescents from the perspective of primary care nurses.” Revista gaucha de enfermagem 37: e55796. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2016.02.55796
Lloyd, Michele. 2018. “Domestic violence and education: Examining the impact of domestic violence on young children, children, and young people and the potential role of schools.” Frontiers in Psychology 9: 396402. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02094
Mabunda, Dumisani Quiet. 2018. “The challenges of establishing partnership policing in Soshanguve township, South Africa.” Acta Criminologica: African Journal of Criminology and Victimology 31 (2): 93–107.
Magwa, Simuforosa. 2013. “Experiencing and Witnessing Domestic Violence on School Aged Children.” International Journal of Social Sciences and Education 3 (3)
Martinez‐Torteya, Cecilia, G. Anne Bogat, Alexander Von Eye, and Alytia A. Levendosky. 2009. “Resilience among children exposed to domestic violence: The role of risk and protective factors.” Child Development 80 (2): 562–577. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01279.x
Masogo, Mmanko P., Emeka E. Obioha, and Ian D. De Vries. 2014. “Implementation of Community Policing Strategy in a South African Township.” Journal of Social Sciences 40 (1): 107–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2014.11893307
Mastorakos, Tessie, and Katreena L. Scott. 2019. “Attention biases and social-emotional development in preschool-aged children who have been exposed to domestic violence.” Child abuse and neglect 89: 78–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.001
Mokwena, Kebogile, and Mantoa Maake. 2022. “Views and experiences of women in Soshanguve, Pretoria regarding vulnerability to, and triggers for Intimate Partner Violence.” Gender and Behaviour 20 (3): 20117–20133.
Mokwena, Kebogile, Betty Maake, and Lucy Fernandes. 2023. “Barriers to prevention and mitigation of intimate partner violence: views of women in Soshanguve, Pretoria, South Africa.” Gender and Behaviour 21 (1): 21499–21511.
Mshweshwe, Linda. 2020. “Understanding domestic violence: masculinity, culture, traditions.” Heliyon 6 (10). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05334
Peisch, Virginia, Justin Parent, Rex Forehand, Andrew Golub, Megan Reid, and Mathew Price. 2016. “Intimate partner violence in cohabiting families: Reports by multiple informants and associations with adolescent outcomes.” Journal of Family Violence 31: 747–757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-016-9808-0
Petersen, Anne C., Joshua Joseph, Monica Feit, and National Research Council. 2014. “The child welfare system.” In New Directions in child abuse and neglect research. National Academies Press (US)
Pingley, Terra. 2017. “The impact of witnessing domestic violence on children: A systematic review.”
Ravi, Kristen E., and Thomas E. Casolaro. 2018. “Children’s exposure to intimate partner violence: A qualitative interpretive meta-synthesis.” Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 35: 283–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-017-0525-1
Riedl, David, Thomas Beck, Silvia Exenberger, Judith Daniels, Daniel Dejaco, Iris Unterberger, and Astrid Lampe. 2019. “Violence from childhood to adulthood: The influence of child victimisation and domestic violence on physical health in later life.” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 116: 68–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.11.019
Sherr, Lorraine, I. S. Hensels, Sarah Skeen, Mark Tomlinson, K. J. Roberts, and Ana Macedo. 2016. “Exposure to violence predicts poor educational outcomes in young children in South Africa and Malawi.” International Health 8 (1): 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihv070
Skinner, Guy CM, Paul WB Bywaters, Andy Bilson, Robbie Duschinsky, Keith Clements, and Dustin Hutchinson. 2021. “The ‘toxic trio’ (domestic violence, substance misuse and mental ill-health): How good is the evidence base?.” Children and Youth Services Review 120: 105678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105678
Sterne, Abigail, Donna Chadwick, Liz Poole, Catherine Lawler, and Lynda W. Dodd. 2009. Domestic violence and children: A handbook for schools and early years settings. Routledge https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203869109
Suen, Lee-Jen Wu, Hui-Man Huang, and Hao-Hsien Lee. 2014. “A comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling.” Hu li za zhi 61 (3): 105.
Swanston, Jennifer, Laura Bowyer, and Arlene Vetere. 2014. “Towards a richer understanding of school-age children’s experiences of domestic violence: The voices of children and their mothers.” Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 19 (2): 184–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104513485082
Tenai, Noah K., and Gloria N. Mbewu. 2020. “Street homelessness in South Africa: a perspective from the Methodist Church of Southern Africa.” HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 76 (1). https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v76i1.5591
Turhan, Zeynep. 2022. “Child Mental Health and Bullying within the Exposure to Domestic Violence: Literature Review.” Journal of Happiness and Health 2 (1): 52–60. https://doi.org/10.47602/johah.v2i1.18.
Winfield, Alexis, Julie Poon, Anna Lee Straatman, Zoe Hilton, and Peter Jaffe. 2021. “Staying Alive: Safety and Coping Strategies Used by Mothers and Children Living with Domestic Violence.”
Wretman, Christopher J., Cynthia Fraga Rizo, Rebecca J. Macy, Shenyang Guo, and Dania Ermentrout. 2019. “A novel intervention for system-involved intimate partner violence survivors: changes in parenting.” Research on social work practice 29 (3): 268–280. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731517706415
Yule, Kristen, Jessica Houston, and John Grych. 2019. “Resilience in children exposed to violence: A meta-analysis of protective factors across ecological contexts.” Clinical child and family psychology review 22: 406–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-019-00293-1
Avdibegovic, Esmina, Maja Brkic, and Osman Sinanovic. 2017. “Emotional Profile of Women Victims of Domestic Violence.” Materia Socio Medica 29 (2): 109. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2017.29.109–113
Bancroft, Lundy, Jay G. Silverman, and Daniel Ritchie. 2011. The batterer as parent: Addressing the impact of domestic violence on family dynamics. Sage Publications https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452240480
Campbell, Steve, Melanie Greenwood, Sarah Prior, Toniele Shearer, Kerrie Walkem, Sarah Young, Danielle Bywaters, and Kim Walker. 2020. “Purposive Sampling: Complex or Simple? Research Case Examples.” Journal of Research in Nursing 25 (8): 652–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987120927206
Chander, Pratibha, Jane Kvalsvig, Claude A. Mellins, Shuaib Kauchali, Stephen M. Arpadi, Myra Taylor, Justin R. Knox, and Leslie L. Davidson. 2017. “Intimate Partner Violence and Child Behavioral Problems in South Africa.” Pediatrics 139 (3): e20161059. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016–1059
Clements, Caroline M., Brittanie C. Moore, Allison Laajala-Lozano, and Karly Casanave. 2021. “Victim and Perpetrator Acknowledgement of Intimate Partner Violence and Victim Psychopathology.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 37 (19–20): NP17182-NP17204 https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211028289
Devaney, John. 2015. Review of Research Review: The Impact of Domestic Violence on Children. Irish Probation Journal 12: 79–94.
Downey, Cheyenne, and Aoife Crummy. 2021. “The Impact of Childhood Trauma on Children’s Wellbeing and Adult Behavior.” European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 6 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2021.100237
Elmquist, JoAnna, Ryan C. Shorey, Lindsay Labrecque, Andrew Ninnemann, Heather Zapor, Jeniimarie Febres, Caitlin Wolford-Clevenger, Maribel Plasencia, Jeff R. Temple, and Gregory L. Stuart. 2016. “The Relationship between Family-of-Origin Violence, Hostility, and Intimate Partner Violence in Men Arrested for Domestic Violence.” Violence against Women 22 (10): 1243–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801215621177
Evans, Sara Z., Leslie Gordon Simons, and Ronald L. Simons. 2012. “The Effect of Corporal Punishment and Verbal Abuse on Delinquency: Mediating Mechanisms.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 41 (8): 1095–1110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9755-x.
Fearon, James, and Anke Hoeffler. 2014. “Benefits and costs of the conflict and violence targets for the post-2015 development agenda.” Conflict and violence assessment paper, Copenhagen Consensus Center: 1–65.
Garcia-Moreno, Claudia, Henrica AFM Jansen, Mary Ellsberg, Lori Heise, and Charlotte H Watts. 2006. “Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence: Findings from the WHO Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence.” The Lancet 368 (9543): 1260–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69523-8
Georgsson, Anna, Kjerstin Almqvist, and Anders G. Broberg. 2011. “Naming the unmentionable: How children exposed to intimate partner violence articulate their experiences.” Journal of Family Violence 26: 117–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-010-9349-x
Holmes, Megan R. 2013. “Aggressive Behavior of Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence: An Examination of Maternal Mental Health, Maternal Warmth and Child Maltreatment.” Child Abuse & Neglect 37 (8): 520–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.12.006
Hooker, Leesa, Rae Kaspiew, and Angela Taft. 2016. Domestic and family violence and parenting: Mixed methods insights into impact and support needs. Australia’s National Research Organisation for Women’s Safety.
Humphreys, Lee, Neil A. Lewis Jr, Katherine Sender, and Andrea Stevenson Won. 2021. “Integrating qualitative methods and open science: Five principles for more trustworthy research.” Journal of Communication 71 (5): 855–874. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqab026
Izaguirre, Ainhoa, and Esther Calvete. 2017. “Exposure to family violence as a predictor of dating violence and child-to-parent aggression in Spanish adolescents.” Youth and Society 49 (3): 393–412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X16632138
Kabongo, Kasebwe T. 2021. “The fight against gender-based violence: A missional nurturing of people of peace.” Verbum et Ecclesia 42 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4102/ve.v42i1.2194
Kiesel, Lisa R., Kristine N. Piescher, and Jeffrey L. Edleson. 2018. “The relationship between child maltreatment, intimate partner violence exposure, and academic performance.” In Administrative Data and Child Welfare Research, pp. 105–128. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315100340-8
Kim, H., Sefcik, J. S., and Bradway, C. 2017. Characteristics of qualitative descriptive studies: A systematic review. Research in nursing and health, 40 (1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315100340-8
Kimball, Ericka. 2016. “Edleson revisited: Reviewing children’s witnessing of domestic violence 15 years later.” Journal of Family Violence 31: 625-637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-015-9786-7
Lalonde, Dianne, Linda Baker, Robert Nonomura, and Jassamine Tabibi. 2020. “Trauma-and violence-informed interview strategies in work with survivors of gender-based violence.” Learning Network Issue 32: 1–9.
Lambert, Vickie A., and Clinton E. Lambert. 2012. “Qualitative descriptive research: An acceptable design.” Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research 16 (4): 255–256.
Leite, Jéssica Totti, Maria Aparecida Beserra, Liliana Scatena, Lygia Maria Pereira da Silva, and Maria das Gracas Carvalho Ferriani. 2016. “Coping with domestic violence against children and adolescents from the perspective of primary care nurses.” Revista gaucha de enfermagem 37: e55796. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2016.02.55796
Lloyd, Michele. 2018. “Domestic violence and education: Examining the impact of domestic violence on young children, children, and young people and the potential role of schools.” Frontiers in Psychology 9: 396402. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02094
Mabunda, Dumisani Quiet. 2018. “The challenges of establishing partnership policing in Soshanguve township, South Africa.” Acta Criminologica: African Journal of Criminology and Victimology 31 (2): 93–107.
Magwa, Simuforosa. 2013. “Experiencing and Witnessing Domestic Violence on School Aged Children.” International Journal of Social Sciences and Education 3 (3)
Martinez‐Torteya, Cecilia, G. Anne Bogat, Alexander Von Eye, and Alytia A. Levendosky. 2009. “Resilience among children exposed to domestic violence: The role of risk and protective factors.” Child Development 80 (2): 562–577. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01279.x
Masogo, Mmanko P., Emeka E. Obioha, and Ian D. De Vries. 2014. “Implementation of Community Policing Strategy in a South African Township.” Journal of Social Sciences 40 (1): 107–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2014.11893307
Mastorakos, Tessie, and Katreena L. Scott. 2019. “Attention biases and social-emotional development in preschool-aged children who have been exposed to domestic violence.” Child abuse and neglect 89: 78–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.001
Mokwena, Kebogile, and Mantoa Maake. 2022. “Views and experiences of women in Soshanguve, Pretoria regarding vulnerability to, and triggers for Intimate Partner Violence.” Gender and Behaviour 20 (3): 20117–20133.
Mokwena, Kebogile, Betty Maake, and Lucy Fernandes. 2023. “Barriers to prevention and mitigation of intimate partner violence: views of women in Soshanguve, Pretoria, South Africa.” Gender and Behaviour 21 (1): 21499–21511.
Mshweshwe, Linda. 2020. “Understanding domestic violence: masculinity, culture, traditions.” Heliyon 6 (10). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05334
Peisch, Virginia, Justin Parent, Rex Forehand, Andrew Golub, Megan Reid, and Mathew Price. 2016. “Intimate partner violence in cohabiting families: Reports by multiple informants and associations with adolescent outcomes.” Journal of Family Violence 31: 747–757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-016-9808-0
Petersen, Anne C., Joshua Joseph, Monica Feit, and National Research Council. 2014. “The child welfare system.” In New Directions in child abuse and neglect research. National Academies Press (US)
Pingley, Terra. 2017. “The impact of witnessing domestic violence on children: A systematic review.”
Ravi, Kristen E., and Thomas E. Casolaro. 2018. “Children’s exposure to intimate partner violence: A qualitative interpretive meta-synthesis.” Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 35: 283–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-017-0525-1
Riedl, David, Thomas Beck, Silvia Exenberger, Judith Daniels, Daniel Dejaco, Iris Unterberger, and Astrid Lampe. 2019. “Violence from childhood to adulthood: The influence of child victimisation and domestic violence on physical health in later life.” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 116: 68–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.11.019
Sherr, Lorraine, I. S. Hensels, Sarah Skeen, Mark Tomlinson, K. J. Roberts, and Ana Macedo. 2016. “Exposure to violence predicts poor educational outcomes in young children in South Africa and Malawi.” International Health 8 (1): 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihv070
Skinner, Guy CM, Paul WB Bywaters, Andy Bilson, Robbie Duschinsky, Keith Clements, and Dustin Hutchinson. 2021. “The ‘toxic trio’ (domestic violence, substance misuse and mental ill-health): How good is the evidence base?.” Children and Youth Services Review 120: 105678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105678
Sterne, Abigail, Donna Chadwick, Liz Poole, Catherine Lawler, and Lynda W. Dodd. 2009. Domestic violence and children: A handbook for schools and early years settings. Routledge https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203869109
Suen, Lee-Jen Wu, Hui-Man Huang, and Hao-Hsien Lee. 2014. “A comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling.” Hu li za zhi 61 (3): 105.
Swanston, Jennifer, Laura Bowyer, and Arlene Vetere. 2014. “Towards a richer understanding of school-age children’s experiences of domestic violence: The voices of children and their mothers.” Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 19 (2): 184–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104513485082
Tenai, Noah K., and Gloria N. Mbewu. 2020. “Street homelessness in South Africa: a perspective from the Methodist Church of Southern Africa.” HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 76 (1). https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v76i1.5591
Turhan, Zeynep. 2022. “Child Mental Health and Bullying within the Exposure to Domestic Violence: Literature Review.” Journal of Happiness and Health 2 (1): 52–60. https://doi.org/10.47602/johah.v2i1.18.
Winfield, Alexis, Julie Poon, Anna Lee Straatman, Zoe Hilton, and Peter Jaffe. 2021. “Staying Alive: Safety and Coping Strategies Used by Mothers and Children Living with Domestic Violence.”
Wretman, Christopher J., Cynthia Fraga Rizo, Rebecca J. Macy, Shenyang Guo, and Dania Ermentrout. 2019. “A novel intervention for system-involved intimate partner violence survivors: changes in parenting.” Research on social work practice 29 (3): 268–280. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731517706415
Yule, Kristen, Jessica Houston, and John Grych. 2019. “Resilience in children exposed to violence: A meta-analysis of protective factors across ecological contexts.” Clinical child and family psychology review 22: 406–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-019-00293-1
Downloads
Published
2024-10-11
How to Cite
Mokwena, Kebogile Elizabeth, Eunice Mamahlagare Ramushu, Vukile Msizi Ngema, and Oria Ramatsui. 2024. “Experiences and Impact of Domestic Violence on Children: A Qualitative Study in the City of Tshwane, South Africa”. Southern African Journal of Social Work and Social Development 36 (3):17 pages. https://doi.org/10.25159/2708-9355/14049.
Issue
Section
Articles
