A Performance Management System, Employment Relationships and Work Engagement Framework for a public sector in South Africa.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25159/1998-8125/13795Keywords:
South Africa, public sector, performance management system, employment relationships, work engagementAbstract
Purpose: This study sought to establish a performance management system, employment relationships and work engagement framework for the public sector in South Africa.
Methodology: The study used a survey research design and a quantitative approach in which a structured questionnaire was employed to obtain information from respondents. The data were processed using SPSS. Four hundred employees who were permanently employed, who were at job levels 1–12 and had been employed for more than five years from the population of 10 660 employees took part in this study. The study utilised a non-probability, purposive sampling method.
Findings: Empirical findings proved that there is a strong relationship between performance management systems, employment relationships and work engagement.
Research limitations: This study was conducted within the public sector; therefore, the results may not apply to other institutions such as those in the private sector and government-private entities.
Practical implications: This paper provides good insight into the relationship between performance management systems, employment relationships and work engagement and the way they impact each other. The study advocated that public sector managers are required to ensure that passion for employment relationships and work engagement is high and employee performance can be optimal.
Originality/value: There is still a gap left in the literature concerning the relationship between performance management systems, employment relationships and work engagement framework for the public sector in South Africa. Therefore, this study makes a valuable contribution to the body of knowledge already available.
References
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Ansah, R. H., J. Osei, S. Orooshian, D. O. Aikhuele. 2020. “Importance of Employer-employee Relationship towards the Growth of a Business.” Quality Management 19 (66): 42–49.
Arbuckle, J. L. 2014. Amos (Version 23.0) [Computer program]. Chicago: IBM SPSS.
Arimie, C. J. 2019. “Employer-employee Relations and Employee Engagement in a Tertiary Institution in Benin-City, Edo State.” Annals of Management and Organization Research 1 (1): 9–24. https://doi.org/10.35912/amor.v1i1.199.
Arimie, J. C., and A. O. Oronsaye. 2020. “Assessing Employee Relations and Organisational Performance: A Literature Review.” International Journal of Applied Research in Business and Management 1 (1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.51137/ijarbm.2020.1.1.1.
Audenaert, M., A. Decramer, B. George, B. Verschuere, and T. van Waeyenberg. 2019. “When Employee Performance Management Affects Individual Innovation in Public Organizations: The Role of Consistency and LMX.” The International Journal of Human Resource Management 30 (5): 815–834. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1239220.
Awan, S. H., A. Habib, C. S. Akhtarhttps, and S. Naveed. 2020. “Effectiveness of Performance Management System for Employee Performance Through Engagement.” SAGE Open, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020969383.
Bagozzi, R. P., and Y. Yi. 1988. “On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 16 (1): 74–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327.
Budd, K. W., and D. Bhave. 2020. “The Employment Relationship.” The SAGE Handbook of Human Resource Management, 51–70. https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857021496.n4.
Creswell, J. W. 2014. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches, 4th edition. London: SAGE.
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De Waal, A. A. 2004. “Stimulating Performance-driven Behaviour to Obtain better Results.” International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 53 (4): 301–316. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410400410533890.
Ehlers, L. I. 2016. “Measuring Primary Employment Relationship Satisfaction in South African Supervisory Relationships.” Journal of Contemporary Management 13: 745–766.
Govender, M., and M. H. R. Bussin. 2020. “Performance Management and Employee Engagement: A South African Perspective.” South Africa Journal of Human Resource Management 18 (0): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v18i0.1215.
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Hooper, D., J. Coughlan, and M. R. Mullen. 2008. “Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit.” Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods 6 (1): 53–60.
Kline, R. B. 1998. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modelling. New York: The Guilford Press.
Listau, K., M. Christensen, and S. T. Innstrand. 2021. “Work Engagement: A Double-edged Sword? A Study of the Relationship between Work Engagement and the Work-home Interaction Using the ARK Research Platform.” Scandinavian Journal of Work and Organisational Psychology 2 (1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.16993/sjwop.20.
Mathibe, M. S., and W. T. Chinyamurindi. 2021. “Determinants of Employee Mental Health in the South African Public Service: The Role of Organizational Citizenship Behaviours and Workplace Social Support.” Advances in Mental Health 19 (3): 306–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/18387357.2021.1938153.
Mburu, B. K., P. Koome, D. Gichuhi. 2020. “Influence of Employer-employee Relationships on Service Quality in the Hospitality Industry in Nakuru County, Kenya.” International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science 9 (5): 166–171. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i5.854.
Moodley, A., B. Ackers, and E. Odendaal. 2022. “Factors inhibiting Effective Organisational Performance Management: Insights from the South African Public Sector.” International Journal Accounting, Auditing and Performance Evaluation 18 (1): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJAAPE.2022.123297.
Mphahlele, L., and L-A. P. Dachapalli. 2022. “The Influence Of Performance Management Systems on Employee Job Satisfaction Levels at a Telecommunications Company in South Africa.” South Africa Journal of Human Resource Management 20 (0): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v20i0.1804.
Murphy, K. R. 2019. “Performance Evaluation Will not Die, but it Should.” Human Resource Management Journal, 30: 13–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12259.
Ntseke, T., J. Mitonga-Monga, and C. Hoole. 2022. “Transformational Leadership Influences on Work Engagement and Turnover Intention in an Engineering Organisation.” South Africa Journal of Human Resource Management 20 (0): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v20i0.2013.
Pandian, V. N., and M. Saranraj. 2017. “Employer and Employee Relationship.” International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation 2 (6): 381–389.
Pieters, W. R., E. van Zyl, and P. Nel. 2019. “Job Attitudes as a Predictor of Work Engagement of the Lecturing Staff at the University of Namibia.” South Africa Journal of Human Resource Management 17 (0): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v17i0.1165.
Prihadini, D., S. Nurbaity, H. Rachmadi, and Krishantoro. 2021. “The Importance of Job Satisfaction to Improve Employee Performance.” Technium Social Sciences Journal 18 (1): 367–377. https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v18i1.3059.
Rana, S., D. Pant, P. Chopra. 2019. “Work Engagement and Individual Work Performance: Research Findings and an Agenda for Employee Relationships.” Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research 6 (5): 17–32.
Riyanto, S., E. Endri, N. and Herlisha. 2021. “Effect of Work Motivation and Job Satisfaction on Employee Performance: Mediating Role of Employee Engagement.” Problems and Perspectives in Management 19 (3): 162–174. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(3).2021.14.
Rodjam, C., A. Thanasrisuebwong, T. Suphuan, and P. Charoenboon. 2021. “Effect of Human Resource Management Practices on Employee Performance Mediating by Employee Job Satisfaction.” Sys Rev Pharm 11 (3): 37 47.
Said, M., I. Khan, and F. Hameed. 2021. “The Impact of Performance Management System on Employees’ Performance.” International Journal of Business and Management Sciences 2 (3): 38–47.
Sailaja, V. N., M. Vaishnavi, M., and T. Sai Krishna. 2022. “A Study on the Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Employee Performance.” Academy of Marketing Studies Journal 26 (5): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2022.11883abstract.
Saunders, M., P. Lewis, and A. Thornhill. 2016. Research Methods for Business Students, 6th editions. Harlow, England: Pearson Education.
Schaufeli, W. B., A. B. Bakker, and M. Salanova. 2006. “The Measurement of Work Engagement with a Short Questionnaire: A Cross-national Study.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 66: 701–716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282471.
Schaufeli, W. B., A. B. Bakker, and M. Salanova. 2010. “Defining and measuring Work Engagement: Bringing Clarity to the Concept Work Engagement.” A Handbook of Essential Theory and Res, 12: 10–24. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849806374.00044.
Shaheen, A., A. F. Bin, and R. J. Abdul. 2017. “Employee Engagement on Employee Relations with Supervisor and Employee Performance Relationship in Developing Economy: Critical Analysis with PLS-SEM.” Saudi Journal of Business and Management Studies 2 (4): 389–398.
Sittar, K. 2020. “Relationship of Work Engagements and Job Performance of University Teachers.” Bulletin of Education and Research 42 (1): 167–183.
Streiner, D. L. 2006. “Building a Better Model: An Introduction to Structural Equation Modelling.” The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 51 (5): 317–324.
Szilvassy, P., and K. Širok. 2021. “Importance of Work Engagement in Primary Healthcare.” BMC Health Services Research 22: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08402-7.
Tartsea-Anshase, M., and B. Odeba. 2020. “Employer-employee Relationship and Job Performance in Bingham University, Karu. IAA.” Journal of Social Sciences (IAA-JSS) 6 (1): 1–17.
Tirivanhu, P., W. Olaleye, and A. Bester. 2017. “Advancing Evidence-based Practice for Improved Public Sector Performance: Lessons from the Implementation of the Management Performance Assessment Tool in South Africa.” Journal of Public Administration 52 (4): 681–704.
Wahyudi, W., D. Kurniasih, D. Haryadi, and F. Haquei. 2022. “Strategy to Improve Employee Performance.” Enrichment: Journal of Management 12 (5): 3544–3548. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4308837.
Yongxing, G., D. Hongfei, X. Baoguo, and M. Lei. 2017. “Work Engagement and Job Performance: The Moderating Role of Perceived Organizational Support.” Anales de Psicología 33 (3): 708–713. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.3.238571.
Akpan, A. P., A. A. Okwudu, and O. A. Imagha. 2021. “Exploring the Link between Employee Relationship Management and Organisational Citizenship Behaviour.” Saudi Journal Econ Fin 5 (4): 164–172. https://doi.org/10.36348/sjef.2021.v05i04.005.
Alshaikhi, N. 2020. “Teachers Performance Management System Satisfaction: The Case Evidence of Saudi Ministry of Education.” International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research 5 (8): 2195–2219. https://doi.org/10.46609/IJSSER.2020.v05i08.009.
Andy, A., and F. Antonio. 2022. “Linking Work Engagement of Emergency Physicians to Patient Centricity in Underdeveloped Regions.” South Africa Journal of Human Resource Management 20 (0): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v20i0.1971.
Ansah, R. H., J. Osei, S. Orooshian, D. O. Aikhuele. 2020. “Importance of Employer-employee Relationship towards the Growth of a Business.” Quality Management 19 (66): 42–49.
Arbuckle, J. L. 2014. Amos (Version 23.0) [Computer program]. Chicago: IBM SPSS.
Arimie, C. J. 2019. “Employer-employee Relations and Employee Engagement in a Tertiary Institution in Benin-City, Edo State.” Annals of Management and Organization Research 1 (1): 9–24. https://doi.org/10.35912/amor.v1i1.199.
Arimie, J. C., and A. O. Oronsaye. 2020. “Assessing Employee Relations and Organisational Performance: A Literature Review.” International Journal of Applied Research in Business and Management 1 (1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.51137/ijarbm.2020.1.1.1.
Audenaert, M., A. Decramer, B. George, B. Verschuere, and T. van Waeyenberg. 2019. “When Employee Performance Management Affects Individual Innovation in Public Organizations: The Role of Consistency and LMX.” The International Journal of Human Resource Management 30 (5): 815–834. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1239220.
Awan, S. H., A. Habib, C. S. Akhtarhttps, and S. Naveed. 2020. “Effectiveness of Performance Management System for Employee Performance Through Engagement.” SAGE Open, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020969383.
Bagozzi, R. P., and Y. Yi. 1988. “On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 16 (1): 74–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327.
Budd, K. W., and D. Bhave. 2020. “The Employment Relationship.” The SAGE Handbook of Human Resource Management, 51–70. https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857021496.n4.
Creswell, J. W. 2014. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches, 4th edition. London: SAGE.
Davidescu, A. A., S. Apostu, A. Paul, and I. Casuneanu. 2020. “Work Flexibility, Job Satisfaction, and Job Performance among Romanian Employees.” Implications for Sustainable Human Resource Management Sustainability 12: 1–53. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156086.
De Waal, A. A. 2004. “Stimulating Performance-driven Behaviour to Obtain better Results.” International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 53 (4): 301–316. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410400410533890.
Ehlers, L. I. 2016. “Measuring Primary Employment Relationship Satisfaction in South African Supervisory Relationships.” Journal of Contemporary Management 13: 745–766.
Govender, M., and M. H. R. Bussin. 2020. “Performance Management and Employee Engagement: A South African Perspective.” South Africa Journal of Human Resource Management 18 (0): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v18i0.1215.
Hair, J. F., W. C. Black, B. J. Babin, and R. E. Anderson. 2010. Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
Harney, B., T. Dundon, and A. Wilkinson. 2018. “Employment Relations and Human Resource Management,” Chapter 8. In The Routledge Companion to Employment Relations Routledge, 122–138, edited by A. Wilkinson, T. Dundon, J. Donaghey, and A. Colvin. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315692968-8.
Hendrik., G. E., R. E. Fanggidae, and T. Timuneno, 2021. “Effect of Work Engagement on Employee Performance (Study at RRI KUPANG).” Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, 197: 660–665. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.211124.095.
Hooper, D., J. Coughlan, and M. R. Mullen. 2008. “Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit.” Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods 6 (1): 53–60.
Kline, R. B. 1998. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modelling. New York: The Guilford Press.
Listau, K., M. Christensen, and S. T. Innstrand. 2021. “Work Engagement: A Double-edged Sword? A Study of the Relationship between Work Engagement and the Work-home Interaction Using the ARK Research Platform.” Scandinavian Journal of Work and Organisational Psychology 2 (1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.16993/sjwop.20.
Mathibe, M. S., and W. T. Chinyamurindi. 2021. “Determinants of Employee Mental Health in the South African Public Service: The Role of Organizational Citizenship Behaviours and Workplace Social Support.” Advances in Mental Health 19 (3): 306–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/18387357.2021.1938153.
Mburu, B. K., P. Koome, D. Gichuhi. 2020. “Influence of Employer-employee Relationships on Service Quality in the Hospitality Industry in Nakuru County, Kenya.” International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science 9 (5): 166–171. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i5.854.
Moodley, A., B. Ackers, and E. Odendaal. 2022. “Factors inhibiting Effective Organisational Performance Management: Insights from the South African Public Sector.” International Journal Accounting, Auditing and Performance Evaluation 18 (1): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJAAPE.2022.123297.
Mphahlele, L., and L-A. P. Dachapalli. 2022. “The Influence Of Performance Management Systems on Employee Job Satisfaction Levels at a Telecommunications Company in South Africa.” South Africa Journal of Human Resource Management 20 (0): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v20i0.1804.
Murphy, K. R. 2019. “Performance Evaluation Will not Die, but it Should.” Human Resource Management Journal, 30: 13–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12259.
Ntseke, T., J. Mitonga-Monga, and C. Hoole. 2022. “Transformational Leadership Influences on Work Engagement and Turnover Intention in an Engineering Organisation.” South Africa Journal of Human Resource Management 20 (0): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v20i0.2013.
Pandian, V. N., and M. Saranraj. 2017. “Employer and Employee Relationship.” International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation 2 (6): 381–389.
Pieters, W. R., E. van Zyl, and P. Nel. 2019. “Job Attitudes as a Predictor of Work Engagement of the Lecturing Staff at the University of Namibia.” South Africa Journal of Human Resource Management 17 (0): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v17i0.1165.
Prihadini, D., S. Nurbaity, H. Rachmadi, and Krishantoro. 2021. “The Importance of Job Satisfaction to Improve Employee Performance.” Technium Social Sciences Journal 18 (1): 367–377. https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v18i1.3059.
Rana, S., D. Pant, P. Chopra. 2019. “Work Engagement and Individual Work Performance: Research Findings and an Agenda for Employee Relationships.” Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research 6 (5): 17–32.
Riyanto, S., E. Endri, N. and Herlisha. 2021. “Effect of Work Motivation and Job Satisfaction on Employee Performance: Mediating Role of Employee Engagement.” Problems and Perspectives in Management 19 (3): 162–174. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(3).2021.14.
Rodjam, C., A. Thanasrisuebwong, T. Suphuan, and P. Charoenboon. 2021. “Effect of Human Resource Management Practices on Employee Performance Mediating by Employee Job Satisfaction.” Sys Rev Pharm 11 (3): 37 47.
Said, M., I. Khan, and F. Hameed. 2021. “The Impact of Performance Management System on Employees’ Performance.” International Journal of Business and Management Sciences 2 (3): 38–47.
Sailaja, V. N., M. Vaishnavi, M., and T. Sai Krishna. 2022. “A Study on the Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Employee Performance.” Academy of Marketing Studies Journal 26 (5): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2022.11883abstract.
Saunders, M., P. Lewis, and A. Thornhill. 2016. Research Methods for Business Students, 6th editions. Harlow, England: Pearson Education.
Schaufeli, W. B., A. B. Bakker, and M. Salanova. 2006. “The Measurement of Work Engagement with a Short Questionnaire: A Cross-national Study.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 66: 701–716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282471.
Schaufeli, W. B., A. B. Bakker, and M. Salanova. 2010. “Defining and measuring Work Engagement: Bringing Clarity to the Concept Work Engagement.” A Handbook of Essential Theory and Res, 12: 10–24. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849806374.00044.
Shaheen, A., A. F. Bin, and R. J. Abdul. 2017. “Employee Engagement on Employee Relations with Supervisor and Employee Performance Relationship in Developing Economy: Critical Analysis with PLS-SEM.” Saudi Journal of Business and Management Studies 2 (4): 389–398.
Sittar, K. 2020. “Relationship of Work Engagements and Job Performance of University Teachers.” Bulletin of Education and Research 42 (1): 167–183.
Streiner, D. L. 2006. “Building a Better Model: An Introduction to Structural Equation Modelling.” The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 51 (5): 317–324.
Szilvassy, P., and K. Širok. 2021. “Importance of Work Engagement in Primary Healthcare.” BMC Health Services Research 22: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08402-7.
Tartsea-Anshase, M., and B. Odeba. 2020. “Employer-employee Relationship and Job Performance in Bingham University, Karu. IAA.” Journal of Social Sciences (IAA-JSS) 6 (1): 1–17.
Tirivanhu, P., W. Olaleye, and A. Bester. 2017. “Advancing Evidence-based Practice for Improved Public Sector Performance: Lessons from the Implementation of the Management Performance Assessment Tool in South Africa.” Journal of Public Administration 52 (4): 681–704.
Wahyudi, W., D. Kurniasih, D. Haryadi, and F. Haquei. 2022. “Strategy to Improve Employee Performance.” Enrichment: Journal of Management 12 (5): 3544–3548. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4308837.
Yongxing, G., D. Hongfei, X. Baoguo, and M. Lei. 2017. “Work Engagement and Job Performance: The Moderating Role of Perceived Organizational Support.” Anales de Psicología 33 (3): 708–713. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.3.238571.
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2023-09-15
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Maake, Godfrey, Cornelia Harmse, and Cecile Schultz. 2023. “A Performance Management System, Employment Relationships and Work Engagement Framework for a Public Sector in South Africa”. Southern African Business Review 27 (September):18 pages. https://doi.org/10.25159/1998-8125/13795.
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Copyright (c) 2023 Godfrey Maake Ishmael, Cornelia Harmse, Cecile Schultz
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