An Investigation Into the Role of Coaching to Promote Ethical Leadership in Professionalising the Public Service in South Africa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-6689/16429Keywords:
coaching, ethics, ethical leadership, public service, professionalisationAbstract
Over the years, in South Africa, there has been an increase in the number of transgressions in the public service. Instances have been reported where leaders were involved in unethical behaviour and unduly influencing supply chain-related decisions that would personally benefit them. Corrupt activities that have been reported range from unlawfully awarding tenders, spending public funds on incomplete projects, inflating prices, tender rigging, ghost employees, disbursing funds to non-compliant suppliers or for work not delivered, maladministration, illegal use of state resources, conflict of interest, theft, embezzlement of public funds and bribery. Such transgressions are often linked to a lack of ethical conduct and professionalism of leaders in the public service. The President of South Africa lamented about the extent of poor ethics and unprofessionalism of the public service, which can therefore be seen as a crisis and an opportunity to change the status quo. Advancing honesty, ethics and integrity in the public service is critical if we are to build a capable state. The South African government is concerned about the high levels of corruption in the public service. A high standard of professional ethics is therefore an essential matter that needs urgent attention. The aim of this study is to determine the role of coaching in developing ethical leaders to professionalise the public service. The study follows a qualitative approach. The findings of the study will benefit the public service by providing in-depth knowledge on how coaching can be used to promote ethical leadership and professionalise the public service.
References
AGSA (Auditor-General of South Africa). 2012. The Consolidated General Report on the MFMA Local Government Audit Outcomes, 2010–2011. https://www.agsa.co.za/Portals/0/MFMA2011-12Extracts/MFMA_2011-12_consolidated_reports/AGSA_MFMA_CONSOLIDATED_REPORT_2011_12.pdf.
Athanasopoulou, A., and S. Dopson. 2018. “A Systematic Review of Executive Coaching Outcomes: Is It the Journey or the Destination that Matters the Most? Leadership Quarterly 29 (1): 70–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.11.004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.11.004
Bengtsson, M. 2016. “How to Plan and Perform a Qualitative Study Using Content Analysis.” Nursing Plus Open 2: 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npls.2016.01.001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npls.2016.01.001
Brown, M. E., and L. K. Trevino. 2006. “Ethical leadership: A review and future directions.” Leadership Quarterly 17 (6): 595–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.10.004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.10.004
Brown, M. E., L. K. Trevino, and D. A. Harrison. 2005. “Ethical Leadership: A Social Learning Perspective for Construct Development and Testing.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 97 (2): 117–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002
Cheteni, P., and E. S. Shindika. 2017. “Ethical Leadership in South Africa and Botswana.” BAR 14 (2): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-7692bar2017160077. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-7692bar2017160077
Conrad, A. M. 2013. “Ethical Leadership in Kazakhstan: An Exploratory Study.” Journal of Values-Based Leadership 6 (1): 1–11. http://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1072&context=jvbl.
Corruption Watch, ODI and National Business Initiative. 2020. Transparency in Corporate Reporting South Africa 2020. Corruption Watch, ODI, NBI. https://www.nbi.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Transparency-in-Corporate-Reporting-South-Africa-2020-FINAL-2December2020-1.pdf.
De Haan, E. 2019. “A Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies in Workplace and Executive Coaching: The Emergence of a Body of Research.” Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research 71 (4): 227–48. https://doi.org/10.1037/cpb0000144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/cpb0000144
Dennison, M. 2015. It’s Good to Talk! Coaching Conversations and Their Role in Developing Ethical Leadership. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4873.8728.
De Vos, A., H. Strydom, C. Fouché, and C. Delport (Eds.). 2011. Research at Grass Roots: For the Social Sciences and Human Professions, 4th ed. Van Schaik.
Ganesh, A., A. Bozas, M. Shubban, and E. Munapo. 2015. “The Benefits of Mentoring and Coaching in the Public Sector.” Journal of Governance and Regulation 4 (3): 16–29. https://doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v4_i3_p2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v4_i3_p2
Greenberg, M. D., ed. 2010. Directors as Guardians of Compliance and Ethics Within the Corporate Citadel: What the Policy Community Should Know. RAND Center for Corporate Ethics and Governance. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/conf_proceedings/2010/RAND_CF277.sum.pdf.
Kekae, T. K. 2017. “An Evaluation of the Public Service Anti-Corruption Strategy in the Department of Arts and Culture.” Master’s diss., University of Pretoria. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65832.
Lles, P., and M. Macaulay. 2007. “Putting Principles Into Practice: Developing Ethical Leadership in Local Government.” International Journal of Leadership in Public Services 3 (3): 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1108/17479886200700018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17479886200700018
Lovett, S., and J. Robertson. 2017. “Coaching Using a Leadership Self-Assessment Tool.” Leading & Managing 23 (1): 42–53. https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.069866400253712?download=true.
Malatjie, I., B. Ngcaweni, and N. Magubane. 2024. “Improving Governance in the Public Sector: Can Ethics be Taught?” In Public Administration and Governance in Democratic South Africa, edited by I. Malatjie, B. Ngcaweni, T. S. Madzivhandila, and M. Qobo, 3–36. UJ Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36615/9781776489602-01
Mbokota, G., and A. Reid. 2022. “The Role of Group Coaching in Developing Leadership Effectiveness in a Business School Leadership Development Programme.” South African Journal of Business Management 53 (1): a3105. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v53i1.3105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v53i1.3105
Mello, D. M., K. G. Phago, N. I. Makamu, N. Dorasamy, N. Holtzhausen, B. Mothusi, D. Mpabanga, and V. L. Tonchi. 2020. Ethics in the Public Sector. Van Schaik.
Naidoo, G. (2012a). “A Critical Need for Ethical Leadership to Curb Corruption and Promote Good Governance in the Public Sector of South Africa.” African Journal of Public Affairs 5 (2): 25–35. https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/57856/Naidoo_Critical_2012.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
Naidoo, G. (2012b). “Ethical Leadership Principles in South African Public Administration Lost Opportunity or Alive With Possibility.” Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 3 (12): 106–26. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/12154.
Neves, L. 2014. “Coaching and Ethical Leadership: A Competence Executive Coaching Model for the Development of Ethical Leadership.” Psychology Research 4 (4): 285–300. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/68d9/9b1af6711ac83ab141bfd4075ac0d63cfaef.pdf.
Ngcaweni, B. 19 September 2021. “Ethics and the Law: The Sword and Shield of Furthering Democracy.” TimesLive. https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2021-09-19.
NSG (National School of Government). 2021. NSG Annual Report 2021. NSG. https://www.thensg.gov.za/annual-reports.
NSG (National School of Government). 2022. A National Framework Towards the Professionalisation of the Public Sector. https://www.thensg.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/NATIONAL-FRAMEWORK-BOOKLET.pdf.
PMG (Parliamentary Monitoring Group). 2013. “Ethics: Roles of Public Protector, Auditor General.” https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/15982/.
Ramaphosa, M. C. State of the Nation Address. 11 February 2021. Parliament of the Republic of South Africa. https://www.parliament.gov.za/state-nation-address-president-cyril-ramaphosa-11-february-2021.
Redshaw, B. 2000. “Do We Really Understand Coaching? How Can We Make It Work Better?” Industrial and Commercial Training 32 (3): 106–8. https://doi.org/10.1108/00197850010371693. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00197850010371693
Republic of South Africa. 1996. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. Government Printers.
Republic of South Africa. 2012. The National Development Plan 2030. Our Future – Make It Work. National Planning Commission. https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/ndp-2030-our-future-make-it-workr.pdf.
Republic of South Africa. 2019. Medium Term Strategic Framework 2019–2024. Department of Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation.
Rossouw, J., and J. Styan. 2019. “Steinhoff Collapse: A Failure of Corporate Governance.” International Review of Applied Economics 33 (1): 163–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2019.1524043. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2019.1524043
Sebola, M. P. 2018. “The South African Public Service and the Ethical Problematiques: The Discipline and Practice – Talking Different Tongues.” African Journal of Public Affairs 10 (4): 57–67. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC-134c271b78.
Singo, A. T. 2018. “Ethical Leadership in the Limpopo Provincial Public Service of South Africa: An Imperative for Good Governance.” PhD diss., University of Venda. https://univendspace.univen.ac.za/handle/11602/1075.
Stelter, R. 2007. “Coaching: A Process of Personal and Social Meaning Making. International Coaching Psychology Review 2 (2): 191–201. https://doi.org/10.53841/bpsicpr.2007.2.2.191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53841/bpsicpr.2007.2.2.191
Transparency International. 2020. Corruption Perceptions Index. https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2020/index/zaf.
Van Aswegen, A. S., and A. S. Engelbrecht. 2009. “The Relationship Between Transformational Leadership, Integrity and an Ethical Climate in Organisations.” SA Journal of Human Resource Management 7 (1): 221–9. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v7i1.175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v7i1.175
Van der Molen, K. 2009. “Developing a Coaching Model as an Approach to Improve Service Delivery in the Public Sector.” Master’s thesis, Stellenbosch University. https://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/2386.