Strategies for Developing Digital Infrastructure to Rescue Archives from Stagnant Archival Holdings in the Government of South Africa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-659X/11661Keywords:
archives, records, digital infrastructure, digital storage, South AfricaAbstract
Records and archives are the footprints of any organisation due to the value of their information. In South Africa, the records and archives are governed by the National Archives and Record Service of South Africa Act No. 43 of 1996, as amended under the auspices of the National Archives and Record Services of South Africa. The current archival holding is compatible with paper, film, and audio formats as provided in the Act. This study sought to explore the strategies for developing digital infrastructure that would rescue records and archives from a stagnant state in the Government of South Africa. This being an interpretive study, qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews and augmented with content analysis. In view that this was a case study, the population comprised 10 chief information officers and records practitioners from national government departments of South Africa. The collected data were thematically analysed. This study established that the current infrastructure of record-keeping contributes heavily to the stagnant situation of records because only those in the proximity of the archival holdings can access the records by visiting the premises. This study also argues that if the current infrastructure prevails, records and archives will continue to be stagnant. In view of the emerging Fourth Industrial Revolution, the study recommends that records and archives can be saved from the stagnant state by developing the infrastructure for cloud storage within the borders of South Africa.
References
Archival Platform. 2015. “State of Archives: An Analysis of South Africa’s National Archival System.” Accessed May 18, 2022. www.archivalplatform.org/news/entry/executive_summary/.
Alsaeed, N., and M. Saleh. 2015. “Towards Cloud Computing Services for Higher Educational Institutions: Concepts and Literature Review.” In 2015 International Conference on Cloud Computing (ICCC), 1–7. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CLOUDCOMP.2015.7149663.
Bakasa, T., and A. Pekane. 2021. “The Decision Criteria Used by Large Enterprises in South Africa for the Adoption of Cloud Computing.” arXiv preprint arXiv:2108.09757.
Bhandari, A., A. Gupta, and D. Das. 2016. “A Framework for Data Security and Storage in Cloud Computing.” 2016 International Conference on Computational Techniques in Information and Communication Technologies (ICCTICT), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCTICT.2016.7514542.
Bishi, A. 2015. “Digital Archiving: The Current State at the National Archives of Zimbabwe.” In 2015 Digital Heritage 2, 403–404. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/DigitalHeritage.2015.7419534.
Bowen, G. A. 2009. Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. North Carolina: Western Carolina University. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027.
Clarke, V., and V. Braun. 2013. “Thematic Analysis.” In Encyclopaedia of Quality of Life Research, edited by A. C. Michalos. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_3470.
Duranti, L., and A. Jansen. 2013. “Records in the Cloud: Authenticity and Jurisdiction.” 2013 Digital Heritage International Congress (DigitalHeritage), 161–164. Accessed December 22, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1109/DigitalHeritage.2013.6744748.
Duranti, L., and P. C. Franks. 2016. Encyclopaedia of Archival Science. London: Rowman and Littlefield.
Erasmus, G. 2013. “The COMESA Court of Justice: Regional Agreements Do Protect Private Parties for African Records Managers and Archivists.” Mousaion 30 (2): 137–157.
Franks, P. C. 2013. Records and Information Management. USA, Chicago: Neal-Schuman.
Gillwald, A., and M. Moyo. 2016. “Modernising the Public Sector through the Cloud.” Accessed August 1, 2023. https://researchictafrica.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Cloud-Computing-in-the-public-sector-final-25052017_V03.pdf.
Goudarouli, E., A. Sexton, and J. Sheridan. 2019. “The Challenge of the Digital and the Future Archive: Through the Lens of the National Archives UK.” Philos. Technol 32: 173–183. Accessed December 22, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-018-0333-3.
Han, Y. 2013. “IaaS Cloud Computing Services for Libraries: Cloud Storage and Virtual Machines.” OCLC Systems and Services: International Digital Library Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.1108/10650751311319296.
International Records Management Trust. 1999. “A Model Records and Archives Law, International Records Management Trust.” Accessed September 25, 2019. http://www.irmt.org/documents/educ_training/.../IRMT_archive_law.doc.
Kabata, V. 2012. “Outsourcing Records Storage to the Cloud: Challenges and Prospects.”
Katuu, S. 2018. “A Comparative Assessment of Enterprise Content Management Maturity Models.” In E-manufacturing And e-service Strategies in Contemporary Organizations, 93–118. IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3628-4.ch005.
Katuu, S. 2023. “Tapestry of the Education and Training Landscape for Archives and Records Management in Africa.” In Managing Digital Records in Africa. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003203155-6.
Katuu, S., and M. Ngoepe. 2015. “Managing Digital Records in a South African Public Sector Institution.” Conference: INFuture2015: e-Institutions, Openness, Accessibility, and Preservation. Zagreb, Croatia. https://doi.org/10.17234/INFUTURE.2015.16.
Komba, M. M., and P. Ngulube. 2012. “E-government Adoption in Developing Countries: Trends in the Use of Models.” ESARBICA Journal 30b (1):162–176.
Laudon, K. C., and J. P. Laudon. 2015. Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm Plus MyMISLab with Pearson eText, 14th edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Press.
Lin, Y., L. Zheng, Z. Zheng, Y. Wu, Z. Hu, C. Yan, and Y. Yang. 2019. “Improving Person Re-identification by Attribute and Identity Learning.” Pattern Recognition 95: 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2019.06.006.
Marwala, T. 2020. Closing the Gap. The Fourth Industrial Revolution in Africa. Johannesburg: Pan Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004465619_014.
Marciano, R., M. Lee, W. Underwood, S. Laib, Z. Diker, and A. Singh. 2018. “Digital Curation of a World War II Japanese-American Incarceration Camp Collection: Implications for Sociotechnical Archival Systems.” In 2018 3rd Digital Heritage International Congress (DigitalHERITAGE) Held jointly with the 2018 24th International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia (VSMM 2018), 1–4). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/DigitalHeritage.2018.8810034.
Mohammed, F., O. Ibrahim, and N. Ithnin. 2016. “Factors Influencing Cloud-computing Adoption for E-government Implementation in Developing Countries: Instrument Development.” Journal of Systems and Information Technology 18 (3): 297–327. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSIT-01-2016-0001.
Mohlameane, M., and N. Ruxwana. 2020. “Exploring the Impact of Cloud Computing on Existing South African Regulatory Frameworks.” SAJIM 22 (1): 1132. Accessed August 1, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajim.v2211.1132. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajim.v22i1.1132.
Mujinga, M. 2013. “Privacy and Legal Issues in Cloud Computing: The SMME Position in South Africa.” Accessed January 3, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4225/75/57b5658ecd8e4.
Mukred, M., Z. M. Yusof, U. A. Mokhtar, and N. A. Manap. 2016. “Electronic Records Management System Adoption Readiness Framework for Higher Professional Education Institutions in Yemen.” International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology 6 (6): 804–811. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.6.6.1369.
Mutkoski, S. 2015. “National Cloud Computing Principles: Guidance for Public Sector Authorities Moving to the Cloud.” In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering, 404–409. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2E.2015.104.
Mvelase, P., Z. Dlamini, D. Macleod, N. Dlodlo, and H. Sithole. 2013. “A Business Model for a South African Government Public Cloud Platform.” IIMC International Information Management Corporation. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2014.6880662.
Ngoepe, M. 2014. “The Role of Records Management as a Tool to Identify Risks in the Public Sector in South Africa.” SA Journal of Information Management 16 (1): 8. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajim.v16i1.615.
Ngoepe, M., and A. Saurombe. 2016. “Provisions for Managing and Preserving Records Created in Networked Environments in the Archival Legislative Frameworks of Selected Member States of the Southern African Development Community.” Archives and Manuscripts 44 (1): 24–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/01576895.2015.1136225.
Ngoepe, M., and M. Nkwe. 2018. “Separating the Wheat from the Chaff with the Winnowing Fork.” Records Management Journal 28 (2): 130–142. Accessed May 18, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1108/RMJ-09-2017-0027.
Ngoepe, M. and S. Katuu. 2017. “Provision of records created in networked environments in the curricula of institutions of higher learning in Africa.” New Review of Information Networking, 22 (1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/13614576.2017.1297731.
Nusantara, P., B. Nazief, P. Sandhyaduhita, and H. Fathony. 2018. “E-archives Implementation Readiness: A Case of the National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia.” In 2018 4th International Conference on Science and Technology (ICST), 1–5. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSTC.2018.8528715.
Park, S. C., and S. Y. Ryoo. 2012. An Empirical Investigation of End-users Switching toward Computing: A Two-factor Theory Perspective. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.032.
Polyviou, A., and N. Pouloudi. 2015. “Understanding Cloud Adoption Decisions in the Public Sector.” In 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2085–2094. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2015.250.
Republic of South Africa. 1996. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Chapter 2: Bill of Rights.
Reza Bazi, H., A. Hassanzadeh, and A. Moeini. 2017. “A Comprehensive Framework for Cloud Computing Migration Using Meta-synthesis Approach.” The Journal of Systems and Software 128: 87–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2017.02.049.
Sarkar, M., and S. Kumar. 2016. A Framework to Ensure Data Storage Security in Cloud Computing. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/UEMCON.2016.7777827.
Schofield, A. and L. Abrahams. (2015) Research Study on the Use of Cloud Services in the South African Government, University of the Witwatersrand: Johannesburg.
Schofield, T., D. S. Kirk, T. Amaral, M. Dörk, M. Whitelaw, G. Schofield, and T. Ploetz. 2017. “Archival Liveness: Designing with Collections before and during Cataloguing and Digitization.” Digit Humanit Q 9 (3): 1–15.
Sharma, T., and V. K. Banga. 2013. “Efficient and Enhanced Algorithm in Cloud Computing.” International Journal of Software Computer Engineering 13: 2231–2307.
Shelly, M., and M. Jackson. 2018. “Research Data Management Compliance: Is there a bigger Role for University Libraries?” Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association 67 (4): 394–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/24750158.2018.1536690.
Shibambu, B. A. 2019. “Digital Curation of Records in the Cloud to Support E-government Services in South Africa.” PhD thesis. Pretoria: University of South Africa.
Shibambu, B. A., and M. Ngoepe. 2020. “When Rain Clouds Gather: Digital Curation of South African Public Records in the Cloud.” South African Journal of Information Management 22 (1): 205. Accessed January 13, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajim.v22i1.1205.
Shibambu, B. A., and N. S. Marutha. 2022. “A Framework for Management of Digital Records on the Cloud in the Public Sector of South Africa.” Information Discovery and Delivery 50 (2): 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1108/IDD-10-2020-0128.
Sprott, A. A. 2012. “Let me in the Cloud Analysis of the Benefit and Risk Assessment of Cloud Platform.” Journal of Financial Crime 20 (1): 6–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/13590791311287337.
Van Heerden, R., S. von Soms, and R. Mooi. 2016. “Classification of Cyber-attacks in South Africa.” In IST-Africa 2016 Conference Proceedings, IEEE Xplore, Durban, May 11–13. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530663.
Yang, S. Q. 2012. “Move into the Cloud, Shall we?” Library Hi Tech News 29: 4–7. https://doi.org/10.1108/07419051211223417.
Yin, R. K. 2017. Application of Case Study Research. London: Sa
Alsaeed, N., and M. Saleh. 2015. “Towards Cloud Computing Services for Higher Educational Institutions: Concepts and Literature Review.” In 2015 International Conference on Cloud Computing (ICCC), 1–7. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CLOUDCOMP.2015.7149663.
Bakasa, T., and A. Pekane. 2021. “The Decision Criteria Used by Large Enterprises in South Africa for the Adoption of Cloud Computing.” arXiv preprint arXiv:2108.09757.
Bhandari, A., A. Gupta, and D. Das. 2016. “A Framework for Data Security and Storage in Cloud Computing.” 2016 International Conference on Computational Techniques in Information and Communication Technologies (ICCTICT), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCTICT.2016.7514542.
Bishi, A. 2015. “Digital Archiving: The Current State at the National Archives of Zimbabwe.” In 2015 Digital Heritage 2, 403–404. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/DigitalHeritage.2015.7419534.
Bowen, G. A. 2009. Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. North Carolina: Western Carolina University. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027.
Clarke, V., and V. Braun. 2013. “Thematic Analysis.” In Encyclopaedia of Quality of Life Research, edited by A. C. Michalos. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_3470.
Duranti, L., and A. Jansen. 2013. “Records in the Cloud: Authenticity and Jurisdiction.” 2013 Digital Heritage International Congress (DigitalHeritage), 161–164. Accessed December 22, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1109/DigitalHeritage.2013.6744748.
Duranti, L., and P. C. Franks. 2016. Encyclopaedia of Archival Science. London: Rowman and Littlefield.
Erasmus, G. 2013. “The COMESA Court of Justice: Regional Agreements Do Protect Private Parties for African Records Managers and Archivists.” Mousaion 30 (2): 137–157.
Franks, P. C. 2013. Records and Information Management. USA, Chicago: Neal-Schuman.
Gillwald, A., and M. Moyo. 2016. “Modernising the Public Sector through the Cloud.” Accessed August 1, 2023. https://researchictafrica.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Cloud-Computing-in-the-public-sector-final-25052017_V03.pdf.
Goudarouli, E., A. Sexton, and J. Sheridan. 2019. “The Challenge of the Digital and the Future Archive: Through the Lens of the National Archives UK.” Philos. Technol 32: 173–183. Accessed December 22, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-018-0333-3.
Han, Y. 2013. “IaaS Cloud Computing Services for Libraries: Cloud Storage and Virtual Machines.” OCLC Systems and Services: International Digital Library Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.1108/10650751311319296.
International Records Management Trust. 1999. “A Model Records and Archives Law, International Records Management Trust.” Accessed September 25, 2019. http://www.irmt.org/documents/educ_training/.../IRMT_archive_law.doc.
Kabata, V. 2012. “Outsourcing Records Storage to the Cloud: Challenges and Prospects.”
Katuu, S. 2018. “A Comparative Assessment of Enterprise Content Management Maturity Models.” In E-manufacturing And e-service Strategies in Contemporary Organizations, 93–118. IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3628-4.ch005.
Katuu, S. 2023. “Tapestry of the Education and Training Landscape for Archives and Records Management in Africa.” In Managing Digital Records in Africa. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003203155-6.
Katuu, S., and M. Ngoepe. 2015. “Managing Digital Records in a South African Public Sector Institution.” Conference: INFuture2015: e-Institutions, Openness, Accessibility, and Preservation. Zagreb, Croatia. https://doi.org/10.17234/INFUTURE.2015.16.
Komba, M. M., and P. Ngulube. 2012. “E-government Adoption in Developing Countries: Trends in the Use of Models.” ESARBICA Journal 30b (1):162–176.
Laudon, K. C., and J. P. Laudon. 2015. Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm Plus MyMISLab with Pearson eText, 14th edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Press.
Lin, Y., L. Zheng, Z. Zheng, Y. Wu, Z. Hu, C. Yan, and Y. Yang. 2019. “Improving Person Re-identification by Attribute and Identity Learning.” Pattern Recognition 95: 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2019.06.006.
Marwala, T. 2020. Closing the Gap. The Fourth Industrial Revolution in Africa. Johannesburg: Pan Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004465619_014.
Marciano, R., M. Lee, W. Underwood, S. Laib, Z. Diker, and A. Singh. 2018. “Digital Curation of a World War II Japanese-American Incarceration Camp Collection: Implications for Sociotechnical Archival Systems.” In 2018 3rd Digital Heritage International Congress (DigitalHERITAGE) Held jointly with the 2018 24th International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia (VSMM 2018), 1–4). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/DigitalHeritage.2018.8810034.
Mohammed, F., O. Ibrahim, and N. Ithnin. 2016. “Factors Influencing Cloud-computing Adoption for E-government Implementation in Developing Countries: Instrument Development.” Journal of Systems and Information Technology 18 (3): 297–327. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSIT-01-2016-0001.
Mohlameane, M., and N. Ruxwana. 2020. “Exploring the Impact of Cloud Computing on Existing South African Regulatory Frameworks.” SAJIM 22 (1): 1132. Accessed August 1, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajim.v2211.1132. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajim.v22i1.1132.
Mujinga, M. 2013. “Privacy and Legal Issues in Cloud Computing: The SMME Position in South Africa.” Accessed January 3, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4225/75/57b5658ecd8e4.
Mukred, M., Z. M. Yusof, U. A. Mokhtar, and N. A. Manap. 2016. “Electronic Records Management System Adoption Readiness Framework for Higher Professional Education Institutions in Yemen.” International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology 6 (6): 804–811. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.6.6.1369.
Mutkoski, S. 2015. “National Cloud Computing Principles: Guidance for Public Sector Authorities Moving to the Cloud.” In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering, 404–409. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2E.2015.104.
Mvelase, P., Z. Dlamini, D. Macleod, N. Dlodlo, and H. Sithole. 2013. “A Business Model for a South African Government Public Cloud Platform.” IIMC International Information Management Corporation. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2014.6880662.
Ngoepe, M. 2014. “The Role of Records Management as a Tool to Identify Risks in the Public Sector in South Africa.” SA Journal of Information Management 16 (1): 8. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajim.v16i1.615.
Ngoepe, M., and A. Saurombe. 2016. “Provisions for Managing and Preserving Records Created in Networked Environments in the Archival Legislative Frameworks of Selected Member States of the Southern African Development Community.” Archives and Manuscripts 44 (1): 24–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/01576895.2015.1136225.
Ngoepe, M., and M. Nkwe. 2018. “Separating the Wheat from the Chaff with the Winnowing Fork.” Records Management Journal 28 (2): 130–142. Accessed May 18, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1108/RMJ-09-2017-0027.
Ngoepe, M. and S. Katuu. 2017. “Provision of records created in networked environments in the curricula of institutions of higher learning in Africa.” New Review of Information Networking, 22 (1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/13614576.2017.1297731.
Nusantara, P., B. Nazief, P. Sandhyaduhita, and H. Fathony. 2018. “E-archives Implementation Readiness: A Case of the National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia.” In 2018 4th International Conference on Science and Technology (ICST), 1–5. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSTC.2018.8528715.
Park, S. C., and S. Y. Ryoo. 2012. An Empirical Investigation of End-users Switching toward Computing: A Two-factor Theory Perspective. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.032.
Polyviou, A., and N. Pouloudi. 2015. “Understanding Cloud Adoption Decisions in the Public Sector.” In 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2085–2094. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2015.250.
Republic of South Africa. 1996. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Chapter 2: Bill of Rights.
Reza Bazi, H., A. Hassanzadeh, and A. Moeini. 2017. “A Comprehensive Framework for Cloud Computing Migration Using Meta-synthesis Approach.” The Journal of Systems and Software 128: 87–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2017.02.049.
Sarkar, M., and S. Kumar. 2016. A Framework to Ensure Data Storage Security in Cloud Computing. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/UEMCON.2016.7777827.
Schofield, A. and L. Abrahams. (2015) Research Study on the Use of Cloud Services in the South African Government, University of the Witwatersrand: Johannesburg.
Schofield, T., D. S. Kirk, T. Amaral, M. Dörk, M. Whitelaw, G. Schofield, and T. Ploetz. 2017. “Archival Liveness: Designing with Collections before and during Cataloguing and Digitization.” Digit Humanit Q 9 (3): 1–15.
Sharma, T., and V. K. Banga. 2013. “Efficient and Enhanced Algorithm in Cloud Computing.” International Journal of Software Computer Engineering 13: 2231–2307.
Shelly, M., and M. Jackson. 2018. “Research Data Management Compliance: Is there a bigger Role for University Libraries?” Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association 67 (4): 394–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/24750158.2018.1536690.
Shibambu, B. A. 2019. “Digital Curation of Records in the Cloud to Support E-government Services in South Africa.” PhD thesis. Pretoria: University of South Africa.
Shibambu, B. A., and M. Ngoepe. 2020. “When Rain Clouds Gather: Digital Curation of South African Public Records in the Cloud.” South African Journal of Information Management 22 (1): 205. Accessed January 13, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajim.v22i1.1205.
Shibambu, B. A., and N. S. Marutha. 2022. “A Framework for Management of Digital Records on the Cloud in the Public Sector of South Africa.” Information Discovery and Delivery 50 (2): 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1108/IDD-10-2020-0128.
Sprott, A. A. 2012. “Let me in the Cloud Analysis of the Benefit and Risk Assessment of Cloud Platform.” Journal of Financial Crime 20 (1): 6–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/13590791311287337.
Van Heerden, R., S. von Soms, and R. Mooi. 2016. “Classification of Cyber-attacks in South Africa.” In IST-Africa 2016 Conference Proceedings, IEEE Xplore, Durban, May 11–13. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAFRICA.2016.7530663.
Yang, S. Q. 2012. “Move into the Cloud, Shall we?” Library Hi Tech News 29: 4–7. https://doi.org/10.1108/07419051211223417.
Yin, R. K. 2017. Application of Case Study Research. London: Sa
Downloads
Published
2023-09-07
How to Cite
Shibambu, Amos. 2023. “Strategies for Developing Digital Infrastructure to Rescue Archives from Stagnant Archival Holdings in the Government of South Africa”. Mousaion: South African Journal of Information Studies 42 (2):16 pages . https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-659X/11661.
Issue
Section
Articles
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Unisa Press
