Digitally Mediated Research: WhatsApp Diaries in Times of Crisis and Beyond?

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25159/2520-9515/17165

Keywords:

qualitative research methods, digital diaries, WhatsApp, crisis, pandemic, ethics, methodological rigour

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdown regulations implemented to curb its spread disrupted all facets of life. For many social scientists, it meant an inability to easily access research sites, creating a need for adaptation and resilience in data collection processes. One approach to answering these challenges has been the use of digital technologies for data collection. This paper critically reflects on the feasibility of digital research methods through the experiences of two research projects using digital diaries to understand community-based organisations. Together, the projects offer a longitudinal perspective on the use of digital diaries at the height of pandemic regulation and following from them. We conclude that, in the context of crises and an increasingly hybridised world, digital tools are an important alternative to traditional research methods; not necessarily replacing them but enhancing knowledge of social phenomena. However, the prevailing popularity of digital technologies for data collection, in the context of what we call a “convenience narrative,” has left thorough scholarly research compromised. As such, we outline best practices within a relatively new yet currently unstable methodological paradigm and argue for more research on the relationship between digital and traditional research methods.

References

Alencar, Amanda and Camargo, Julia. 2022. “WhatsApp as a Tool for Researching the Everyday Lives of Venezuelan Refugees Settling in Brazil.” Media and Communication 10 (3): 261–272. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v10i3.5468 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v10i3.5468

Anciano, Fiona, Cooper-Knocks, Sarah Jane, Dube, Mmeli, Majola, Mfundo and Papane, Boitumelo. 2020. “Trust in Government.” Cape Town Lockdown Diaries.” https://capetownlockdown.wordpress.com/2020/05/14/trust-in-government/

Angelone, Lauren. 2019. “Virtual Ethnography: The Post Possibilities of Not Being There.” Mid-Western Educational Researcher 31(3). https://www.mwera.org/MWER/volumes/v31/issue3/V31n3-Angelone-DISTINGUISHED-PAPER.pdf

Bailey, Julia V., Mann, Sue, Wayal, Sonali and Hunter, Rachel. 2015. “Sexual Health Promotion for Young People Delivered Via Digital Media: A Scoping Review.” Public Health Research, 3(1). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326976/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.3310/phr03130

Bhatia, Vijay Kumar. 2023. “Challenges and Future Directions in Digitally Mediated Research Publication and Dissemination.” In Digital Scientific Communication, edited by R. Plo-Alastrué and I. Corona. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38207-9_13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38207-9_13

Bianchi, Tiago. 2023. “Colombia: Share of Smartphone Owners Who use WhatsApp Daily 2017-2019” Statista. : https://www.statista.com/statistics/1166170/mobile-users-colombia-daily-whatsapp-usage/#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20WhatsApp%20was%20the,those%20surveyed%20the%20previous%20year

Bryman, Alan. 2012. Social Research Methods, Fourth Edition. Oxford: Oxford Press.

Bueno-Roldán, Rocio and Röderz Antje. 2022. “WhatsApp? Opportunities and Challenges in the Use of a Messaging App as a Qualitative Research Tool.” The Qualitative Report, 27(12): 2961-2976. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2022.5329 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2022.5329

Claasen, Larry. 2022. “The Locally Developed MoyaApp Now Has 6 Million Active Users, After Rethinking Data.” News24. August 23, 2022. https://www.news24.com/news24/bi-archive/the-moyaapp-has-6m-active-users-and-challenging-whatsapp-2022-8

Chen, Julienne and Neo, Pearlyn. 2019 “Texting the Waters: An Assessment of Focus Groups Conducted Via the WhatsApp Smartphone Messaging Application.” Methodological Innovations, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2059799119884276 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2059799119884276

Colom, Anna. 2022. “Using WhatsApp for Focus Group Discussions: Ecological Validity, Inclusion and Deliberation.” Qualitative Research, 22(3): 452–467. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794120986074 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794120986074

Corti, Louise and Fielding, Nigel. 2016. “Opportunities from the Digital Revolution: Implications for Researching, Publishing, and Consuming Qualitative Research.” Sage Open, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244016678912 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244016678912

Gibson, Kerry Lynn. 2020. “Bridging the Digital Divide: Reflections on Using WhatsApp Instant Messenger Interviews in Youth Research.” Qualitative Research in Psychology, 19(3): 611–631. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2020.1751902 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2020.1751902

Paulus, Trena, Jackson, Kristi and Davidson, Judith. 2017. “Digital Tools for Qualitative Research: Disruptions and Entanglements.” Qualitative Inquiry 23(10): 751–756. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800417731080 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800417731080

De Groot, Jiska and Lemanski, Charlotte. 2021. “COVID-19 Responses: Infrastructure Inequality and Privileged Capacity to Transform Everyday Life in South Africa.” Environment and Urbanization, 33(1):255–272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247820970094 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247820970094

De Gruchy, Thea, Vearey, Jo, Opiti, Calvin, Mlotshwa, Langelihle, Manji, Karima, and Hanefeld, Johanna. 2021. “Research on the Move: Exploring WhatsApp as a Tool for Understanding the 14 Intersections between Migration, “Mobility, Health and Gender in South Africa.” Globalization and Health 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00727-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00727-y

Flaherty Kim. 2016. “Diary Studies: Understanding Long-term User Behavior and Experiences”. In Nielsen Norman Group Articles.

Hewson, Claire. 2015. “Ethics Issues in Digital Methods Research.” In Digital Methods for Social Science: An Interdisciplinary Guide to Research Innovation, edited by C.H. Snee, Y. Morey, S. Roberts and H. Watson. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137453662_13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137453662_13

Howlett, Marnie. 2022. “Looking at the ‘Field’ Through a Zoom Lens: Methodological Reflections on Conducting Online Research during a Global Pandemic.” Qualitative Research 22(3): 387–402. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687941209856 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794120985691

Jailobaev, Temirlan, Jailobaeva, Kanykey, Baialieva, Myrzagul, Baialieva and Gulsaadat, Gulnara. 2021. “WhatsApp Groups in Social Research: New Opportunities for Fieldwork Communication and Management.” Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique 149(1): 60–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0759106320978337 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0759106320978337

Jarrahi, Mohammad Hossein, Goray, Cami, Zirker, Stephanie and Zhang, Yinglong. 2021. “Digital Diaries as a Research Method for Capturing Practices in Situ.” In Research Methods for Digital Work and Organization: Investigating Distributed, Multi-Modal, and Mobile Work, edited by G. Symon, K. Pritchard and C. Hine. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198860679.003.0006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198860679.003.0006

Kallinikos, Jannis, Aaltonen, Aleksi, and Marton, Attila. 2013. “The Ambivalent Ontology of Digital Artifacts.” MIS Quarterly 37(2): 357–370. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43825913 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2013/37.2.02

Leung, Lawrence. 2015. “Validity, Reliability and Generalizability in Qualitative Research.” Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 4 (3): 324–327. https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.161306 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.161306

Kara, Helen and Khoo, Su-ming. 2022. Qualitative and Digital Research in Times of Crisis: Methods, Reflexivity, and Ethics. Bristol: Policy Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447363798.001.0001

Libin, Alexander and Libin, Elena. 2005. “Cyber-Anthropology: A New Study on Human Technological Co-Evolution.” In Future of Intelligent and Extelligent Health Environment: Studies in Health Technology and Infomatics, edited by R.G. Bushko. Amsterdam: IOS Press.

Liu, Alan. 2013. “The Meaning of the Digital Humanities.” Publications for the Modern Language Association of America, 128(2): 409–423. https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2013.128.2.409 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2013.128.2.409

Markham, Annette. 2011. “Internet Research.” In Qualitative Research: Theory, Method, and Practices, 3, edited by D. Silverman. London: Sage Publishing.

Markham, Annette. 2011a. “Fabrication as Ethical Performance.” Annette Markham. https://annettemarkham.com/2011/03/fabrication1/

Markham, Annette. 2020. “Qualitative Inquiry in The Digital Age.” In The Field of Qualitative Research, edited by P. Leavy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Markham, Annette and Pronzato, Riccardo. 2023. “Returning to Critical Pedagogy in a World of Datafication.” Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 29(1): 97–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565221148108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565221148108

Martínez, Lina and Young, Graeme. 2022. “Street Vending, Vulnerability and Exclusion During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of Cali, Colombia.” Environment and Urbanization, 34(2): 372–390. https://doi.org/10.1177/09562478221113753 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/09562478221113753

Mavhandu-Mudzusi, Azwihangwisi H., Moyo, Idah, Mthombeni, Andile, Ndou, Anza, Mamabolo, Lucas, Ngwenya, Thembinkosi, Marebane, Tlhomaro and Netshapapame, Tshifhiwa. 2022. “WhatsApp as a Qualitative Data Collection Method in Descriptive Phenomenological Studies.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221111124 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221111124

McCann, Lisa and Pearlman, Laurie. 1990. “Vicarious Traumatization: A Framework for Understanding the Psychological Effects of Working with Victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3(1): 131–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00975140 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00975140

Mwanda, Ziyanda. 2022. “Text, Voice-notes, and Emojis: Exploring the Use of WhatsApp As a Responsive Research Method for Qualitative Studies.” In Critical Studies in Teaching and Learning (CriSTaL), 10(1): 78–92. https://doi.org/10.14426/cristal.v10i1.1811 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14426/cristal.v10i1.423

Murthy, Dhiraj. 2012. “Digital Ethnography: An Examination of the Use of New Technologies For Social Research.” Sociology, 42(5): 837–855. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038508094565 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038508094565

Neo, Pearlyn H. M., Lim, Jane, Tan, Rayner K. J., and Ong, Suan E. 2022. “Using WhatsApp Focus Group Discussions for Qualitative Data Collection: Exploring Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions of Covid-19 in Singapore.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21: 1– 12. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221090355 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221090355

Palys, Ted, and Atchison, Chris. 2012. “Qualitative Research in the Digital Era: Obstacles and Opportunities.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 11(4): 352–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940691201100404 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/160940691201100404

Pepper, Michael and Burton, Stephani. 2020 “Research in COVID-19 Times: The Way Forward.” South African Medical Journal, 110(8) 756–758. https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.2020.v110i8.15053

Polyakova, Valentia, Streltsova, Ekaterina, Iudin, Ivan and Kuzina, Liliya. 2024. “Irreversible Effects? How the Digitalization of Daily Practices Has Changed after the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Technology in Society, 76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102447. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102447

Pretorius, Joleen and Anciano, Fiona. 2023. “But Is it War? The Experience and Contestation of a Securitised Covid-19 Response in South Africa.” In Reflections on the Complexities of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives from the Global South, edited by C. Mbekezeli and S.B. Ramokgadi. Stellenbosch: African Sun Media.

Singer Barbara, Walsh, Caitlin, Gondwe, Lucky, Reynolds, Katie, Lawrence, Emily, Kasiya, Alinafe. 2020. “WhatsApp as a Medium to Collect Qualitative Data Among Adolescents: Lessons Learned and Considerations for Future Use.” Gates Open Research, 130(4): 130–141. https://doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13169.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13169.1

Statista. 2023. “Most Used Social Media Platforms in South Africa as of the 3rd Quarter of 2021.” Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1189958/penetration-rate-of-social-media-in-south-africa/

Statista. 2023a “Smartphones Users in South Africa.” Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/488376/forecast-of-smartphone-users-in-south-africa/

Statista. 2023b “Smartphone Penetration Rate 2016-2018.” Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/878141/share-individual-smartphone-owners-colombia/

Stiegler, Nancy, and Bouchard, Jean-Pierre. 2020. “South Africa: Challenges and Successes of the COVID-19 Lockdown.” Annales Medico-Psychologiques, 178(7): 695–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amp.2020.05.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amp.2020.05.006

Suadik, Maine. 2022. “Building Resilience in Qualitative Research: Challenges and Opportunities in Times of Crisis.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21: 1–9 https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221147165 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221147165

Volpe, Catherine R. 2018. “Digital Diaries: New Uses of PhotoVoice in Participatory Research with Young People.” Children’s Geographies 17(3): 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2018.1543852 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2018.1543852

Wu, Hao-Che. 2020. “Households’ Disaster Memory Recollection After the 2013 Colorado Flood.” Nat Hazards, 102: 1175–1185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-03951-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-03951-8

Published

2024-12-31

How to Cite

Papane, Boitumelo, and Fiona Anciano. 2024. “Digitally Mediated Research: WhatsApp Diaries in Times of Crisis and Beyond?”. Journal of Law, Society and Development 11 (December):21 pages. https://doi.org/10.25159/2520-9515/17165.